Development of Advanced High Strength Steel (AHSS), Including for Automotive Parts, Stainless Steel and Structural Applications
Main Article Content
Abstract
Safety and fuel efficiency are of utmost importance in the automotive industry. Over the past three decades, there has been a significant focus on enhancing the structural characteristics of motor vehicles. Advanced high strength steels have played a vital role in achieving these desired characteristics. Various types of advanced high strength steels, such as IF steel, Bake hardening steel, HSLA steel, Micro alloyed steel, Dual Phase steel, Ferrite Bainite steel, Martensitic steel, Hot formed steel, TRIP steel, TWIP steel, as well as austenitic and ferrite grade stainless steels, have replaced many structural components due to their superior strength and ductility. In this context, the causes behind the development of these steels from conventional to third generation have been examined, along with the strengthening mechanisms employed in the development of advanced high strength structural steels. A review of the literature indicates significant progress has been made from a metallurgical standpoint in the last decade.
Downloads
Metrics
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation .
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
References
Yoshitaka Okitsu, Fabrication of ultrafine grained steels without severe plastic deformation and their
application in automotive structures, Graduate School of Engineering, Phd Thesis, Osaka University, 5-
, (2012).
Sekita Takashi, Kaneto Shuji, Hasuno Sadao, Sato Akio, Ogawa Takao, Ogura Kuniaki, Materials
and Technologies for Automotive Use, JFE Technical Report, No. 2 , 1-18, (2004).
R. Kuziak, R. Kawalla, S. Waengler, Advanced high strength steels for automotive industry,
Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, Vol. VIII, No. 2, 103-117, (2008).
ULSAB program report, ULSAB Executive summary, Available at: http://www.worldautosteel.org,
(2015), [Accessed October 2016].
Carrie M. Tamarelli, AHSS 101: The Evolving Use of Advanced High-Strength Steels for
Automotive Applications. Student’s intern report, summer, Materials Science and Engineering,
University of Michigan, 1-45, Available at: http://www.autosteel.org, (2011), [Accessed October 2016].
E. Silvestre n, J. Mendiguren, L. Galdos, E. Sáenz de Argandoña, Comparison of the hardening
behaviour of different steel families: From mild and stainless steel to advanced high strength steels,
International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 101-102, 10-20, (2015).
H. Takechi, Transformation Hardening of Steel Sheet for Automotive Applications, The Journal of
The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, 60, No.12, 22-26, (2008).
O. Grässel, L. Krüger, G. Frommeyer, L. W. Meyer, High strength Fe-Mn-(Al, Si) TRIP/TWIP steels
development - properties – application, International Journal of Plasticity, 16, 1391-1409, (2000).
David K. Matlock and John G. Speer, Third Generation of AHSS: Microstructure Design Concepts,
Chapter 11: A. Haldar, S. Suwas, and D. Bhattacharjee (eds.), Microstructure and Texture in Steels,
Springer, London, 185-205, (2009).
F.G. Caballero, C. García-Mateo and J. Cornide, S. Allain, J. Puerta, M. Crouvizier, T. Mastrorillo,
L. Jantzen, E. Vuorinen, L.E. Lindgren, K. Eriksson, G. Berglund, A. Hirvi, V. Lang, T.T. Nyo, P.
Suikkanen, A.-J. Ristola, European Commissions Technical report (EUR 25977): New Advanced Ultra
High Strength Bainitic Steels: Ductility and Formability (DUCTAFORM), 1-130, (2013).
J. G. Speer, D. V. Edmonds, F. C. Rizzo, D. K. Matlock, Partitioning of carbon from supersaturated
plates of ferrite, with application to steel processing and fundamentals of the bainite transformation,
Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science, 8, 219-237, (2004).
K. Sugimoto, M. Murata, S. M. Song, Formability of Al–Nb Bearing Ultra High-strength TRIPaided Sheet Steels with Bainitic Ferrite and/or Martensite Matrix, ISIJ International, 50, No.1, 162-168, (2010).
Dong-Woo Suh, Seong-Jun Park, Tae-Ho Lee, Chang-Seok Oh, Sung-Joon Kim, Influence of Al
on the Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Behavior of Low-Carbon, Manganese
Transformation-Induced-Plasticity Steel, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 41A, 397-408,
(2010).
N. Tsuji, Y. Ito, Y. Saito, Y. Minamino, Strength and ductility of ultrafine grained aluminum and
iron produced by ARB and annealing, Scripta Materialia, 47, 893-899, (2002).
Nobuhiro Tsuji , Susumu Okuno , Yuichiro Koizumi and Yoritoshi Minamino, Toughness of
Ultrafine Grained Ferritic Steels Fabricated by ARB and Annealing Process, Materials Transactions, 45,
No. 7, 2272-2281, (2004).
Rika Yoda, Kosuke Shibata, Takatoshi Morimitsu, Daisuke Terada and Nobuhiro Tsuji,
Formability of ultrafine-grained interstitial-free steel fabricated by accumulative roll-bonding and
subsequent annealing, Scripta Materialia, 65, 175-178, (2011).
Book: Structural Nanocrystalline Materials Fundamentals and Applications, Carl Koch, Ilya
Ovid'ko, Sudipta Seal, Stan Veprek, Chapter 5 - Mechanical properties of structural nanocrystalline
materials – theory and simulations, Cambridge Universtiy Press, Cambridge, 292, (2007).
Jean-Pierre Birat, Steel’s Vision for the 2030s and Beyond: The Strategic Research Agenda of
ESTEP, The European Steel Technology Platform, Seminars at MEFOS and Jernkontoret, Luleå &
Stockholm, Sweden, 23-26, 1-18, (2013).
Pekka Erkkilä, New solutions for automotive industry,
https://www.outokumpu.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/CMD2015-Pekka-Erkkila.pdf, 1-16, (2015),
[Accessed November 2016].
www.worldstainless.org, Railcars in Stainless Steel A Sustainable Solution for Sustainable Public
Transport, International Stainless Steel Forum, Brussels, Belgium, 1-9, (2010).
Pierre-Jean Cunat, Stainless steel properties for structural automotive applications, Metal Bulletin
International Automotive Materials Conference, Cologne, 1-10, (2000).
Book: Mechanical Metallurgy, George E Dieter, Chapter 6 – Strengthening Mechanisms, McGraw
Hill Book Company, SI Metric Edition, 184-240, (Second Edition, 1988).
PhD Thesis: Dilip Chandrasekaran, Grain Size and Solid Solution Strengthening in Metals,
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden, 1-67, (2003).
L.P. Karjalainen, T. Taulavuori, M. Sellman, A. Kyröläinen, Some Strengthening Methods for
Austenitic Stainless Steels, Steel Research International, 79, No. 6, 404-412, (2008).
Book: Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering, William D. Callister, Jr., Chapter 8 –
Deformation and Strengthening Mechanisms, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 197-219, Fifth Edition (2001).
Book: Physical Metallurgy Principles, Robert E. Reed-Hill, Chapter 9- Precipitation Hardening,
Litton Educational Publishing, Inc, 358-377, Second Edition (1973).
Kaka Ma, Haiming Wen, Tao Hu, Troy D. Topping, Dieter Isheim, David N. Seidman, Enrique J.
Lavernia, Julie M. Schoenung, Mechanical behavior and strengthening mechanisms in ultrafine grain
precipitation-strengthened aluminum alloy, Acta Materialia, 62, 141-155, (2014).
Book: Physical Foundations of Materials Science, G. Gottstein, Chapter 1- Recovery,
Recrystallization, Grain Growth, Springer, 1-54, (2005).
Book: Fundamentals of Materials Science, E.J. Mittemeijer, Chapter 10 - Recovery,
Recrystallization and Grain Growth, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 463-496, (2010).
I. Baker, Recovery, recrystallization and grain growth in ordered alloys, Intermetallics, 8, 1183-
, (2000).
Book: Automotive Plastics & Composites - Worldwide Markets & Trends to 2007, D. Mann,
Chapter 5- Competitions between plastics and composites and other materials, Reinforced Plastic
magazine, Elsevier Advanced Technology, 82, (2007).
Atshushi Itami, Kohsaku Ushioda, Noritoshi Kimura, Hirohide Asano, Yoshitaka kimura, Kazuo Koyama, Development of new formable Cold rolled sheet steels For automobile body panels, Nippon
Steel Technical Report No 64, 26, (1995).
S. Hoile, Processing and properties of mild interstitial free steelsA Review, Materials science and
technology, 16, 1079-1093, (2000).
R. Rana, S.B. Singh, W. Bleck, and O.N. Mohanty, Effect of Temperature and Dynamic Loading
on the Mechanical Properties of Copper-Alloyed High-Strength Interstitial-Free Steel, Metallurgical and
Materials Transactions A, 40A, 856, (2009).
Takehide Senuma, Physical Metallurgy of Modern High Strength Steel Sheets- A Review, ISIJ
International, 41, No. 6, 520-532, (2001).
R. Rana, W. Bleck, S.B. Singh, O.N. Mohanty, Development of high strength interstitial free steel
by copper precipitation hardening, Materials Letters, 61, 2919-2922, (2007).
Georgy J. Raab , Ruslan Z. Valiev , Terry C. Lowe , Yuntian T. Zhu , Continuous processing of
ultrafine grained Al by ECAP– Conform, Materials Science and Engineering A, 382, 30-34, (2004). [38]
Kyung-Tae Park, Dong Hyuk Shin, Annealing behavior of submicrometer grained ferrite in a low carbon
steel fabricated by severe plastic deformation, Materials Science and Engineering A, 334, 79-86, (2002).
Nobuhiro Tsuji, Naoya Kamikawa, Rintaro Ueji, Naoki Takata, Hirofumi Koyama, Daisuke
Terada, Managing Both Strength and Ductility in Ultrafine Grained Steels- A Review, ISIJ International,
, No. 8, 1114-1121, (2008).
Gencaga Purcek, Onur Saray, Ibrahim Karaman, and Hans J. Maier, High Strength and High
Ductility of Ultrafine-Grained Interstitial-Free Steel Produced by ECAE and Annealing, Metallurgical
and Materials Transactions A, 43A, 1884-1894, (2012).
Onur Saray, Gencaga Purcek, Ibrahim Karaman, Hans J. Maier, Impact Toughness of UltrafineGrained Interstitial-Free Steel, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 43A, 4320-4330, (2012).
K. Dehghani and J.J. Jonas, Dynamic Bake Hardening of Interstitial-Free Steels, Metallurgical and
Materials Transactions A, 31A, 1375-1384, (2000).
M.M. Humane, R.K. Minj, D.R. Peshwe, and R.K. Paretkar, Texture and Formability of One-Step
and Two-Step Cold-Rolled and Annealed Interstitial Free High-Strength Steel Sheets, Metallurgical and
Materials Transactions A, 42A, 1692-1708, (2011).
Woo Chang Jeong, Effect of Prestrain on Aging and Bake Hardening of Cold-Rolled, Continuously
Annealed Steel Sheets, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 29A, 463-467, (1998).
www.asminternational.org/Book: Alloying: Understanding the Basics, Product Code: #06117G,
Chapter: High Strength Low Alloy Steel, 193-202 [Accessed December 2016].
M. Militzer, E.B. Hawbolt, T.R. Meadowcroft, Microstructural Model for Hot Strip Rolling of
High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 31A, 1247-1259, (2000).
E. V. Pereloma and J. D. Boyd, Effects of simulated on line accelerated cooling processing on
transformation temperatures and microstructure in microalloyed steels Part 1 - Strip processing,
Materials Science and Technology, 12, 808-817, (1996).
M. Charleux, W.J. Poole, M. Militzer, A. Deschamps, Precipitation Behavior and its effect on
strengthening of an HSLA-Nb/Ti Steel, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 32A, 1635-1647,
(2001).
Won-Beom Lee, Seung-Gab Hong, Chan-Gyung Park, Sung-Ho Park, Carbide Precipitation and
High-Temperature Strength of Hot-rolled High-Strength, Low-Alloy Steels Containing Nb and Mo,
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 33A, 1689-1698, (2002).
S. Shanmugam, R.D.K. Misra, T. Mannering, D. Panda , S.G. Jansto, Impact toughness and
microstructure relationship in niobium- and vanadium-microalloyed steels processed with varied
cooling rates to similar yield strength, Materials Science and Engineering A, 437, 436-445, (2006). [51]
S. Shanmugam, N.K. Ramisetti , R.D.K. Misra , T. Mannering , D. Panda , S. Jansto, Effect of cooling
rate on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Nb-microalloyed steels, Materials Science and
Engineering A, 460-461, 335-343, (2007). [52] Davood Nakhaie, Pooya Hosseini Benhangi, Fateh Fazeli, Mohammad Mazinani, Ebrahim Zohour
Vahid Karimi, Mahmoud Reza Ghandehari Ferdowsi, Controlled Forging of a Nb Containing
Microalloyed Steel for Automotive Applications, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 43A, p.
-5217, (2012).
Hardy Mohrbacher, Niobium Microalloyed Automotive Sheet Steel – A Cost Effective Solution to
the Challenges of Modern Body Engineering, International Symposium on Niobium Microalloyed Sheet
Steel for Automotive Application, Edited by S. Hashimoto, S. Jansto, H. Mohrbacher, and F. Siciliano,
TMS (The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society), 1-23, (2006).
Jun Hu , Lin-Xiu Du , Jian-Jun Wang , Qing-Yi Sun, Cooling process and mechanical properties
design of hot-rolled low carbon high strength microalloyed steel for automotive wheel usage, Materials
and Design, 53, 332-337, (2014)
Debanshu Bhattacharya, Microalloyed Steels for the Automotive Industry – A Review,
Technological Metallurgical Materials Mineralogy, São Paulo, 11, No. 4, 371-383, (2014).
S.K. Ghosh, P.S. Bandyopadhyay, S. Kundu, S. Chatterjee, Copper bearing microalloyed ultrahigh
strength steel on a pilot scale: Microstructure and properties, Materials Science and Engineering A, 528,
-7894, (2011).
Naoki Maruyama, Masaaki Sugiyama, Takuya Hara, Hiroshi Tamehiro, Precipitation and phase
transformation of Cu particles in low alloy ferritic martensitic steels, Materials Transactions, JIM, 40,
No. 4, 268-277, (1999).
Stuart Keeler, Meenachem Kimchi, Advanced High strength Steels Application Guidelines Version
0, 1-276, Available at: http://www.autosteel.org, (2014), [Accessed December 2016].
Sota Goto , Chikara Kami , Shuji Kawamura, Effect of alloying elements and hot-rolling conditions
on microstructure of bainiticferrite/martensite dual phase steel with high toughness, Materials Science
& Engineering A, 648, 436-442, (2015).
Y. Mazaheri, A. Kermanpur, A. Najafizadeh, Microstructures, Mechanical Properties, and Strain
Hardening Behavior of an Ultrahigh Strength Dual Phase Steel Developed by Intercritical Annealing of
Cold-Rolled Ferrite/Martensite, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 46A, 3052-3062, (2015).
Gejza Rosenberg, Iveta Sinaiova, Pavol Hvizdos , L’ubosˇ Juhar, Development of Cold-Rolled
Dual-Phase Steels with Tensile Strength Above 1000 MPa and Good Bendability, Metallurgical and
Materials Transactions A, 46A, 4755-4771, (2015).
M. Papa Rao, V. Subramanya Sarma, S. Sankaran, Processing of Bimodal Grain-Sized UltrafineGrained Dual Phase Microalloyed V-Nb Steel with 1370 MPa Strength and 16 pct Uniform Elongation
Through Warm Rolling and Intercritical Annealing, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 45A,
-5317, (2014).
Yousef Mazaheri, Ahmad Kermanpur, Abbas Najafizadeh, Strengthening Mechanisms of Ultrafine
Grained Dual Phase Steels Developed by New Thermomechanical Processing, ISIJ International, 55,
No.1, 218-226, (2015).
Lei Shi , Zesheng Yan , Yongchang Liu , Cheng Zhang , Zhixia Qiao , Baoqun Ning , Huijun Li,
Improved toughness and ductility in ferrite/acicular ferrite dual-phase steel through intercritical heat
treatment, Materials Science&Engineering A, 590, 7-15, (2014).
Mehdi Asadi, Georg Frommeyer, Ali Aghajani, Ilana Timokhina, Heinz Palkowski, Local Laser
Heat Treatment in Dual-Phase Steels, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 43A, 1244-1258,
(2012).
Hamid Azizi-Alizamini, Matthias Militzer, Warren J. Poole, Formation of Ultrafine Grained Dual
Phase Steels through Rapid Heating, ISIJ International, 51, No. 6, 958–964, (2011).
Irina Pushkareva, Sébastien Allain, Colin Scott, Abdelkrim Redjaïmia, Antoine Moulin,
Relationship between Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Damage Mechanisms in High
Martensite Fraction Dual Phase Steels, ISIJ International, 55, No.10, 2237-2246, (2015).
Zhengzhi Zhao , Tingting Tong , Juhua Liang , Hongxiang Yin, Aimin Zhao , Di Tang, Microstructure, mechanical properties and fracture behavior of ultra-high strength dual-phase steel,
Materials Science & Engineering A, 618, 182-188, (2014).
Yousef Mazaheri , Ahmad Kermanpur,Abbas Najafizadeh, A novel route for development of
ultrahigh strength dual phase steels, MaterialsScience & Engineering A, 619, 1-11, (2014).
Yong-lin Kang , Qi-hang Han , Xian-meng Zhao , Ming-hui Cai, Influence of nanoparticle
reinforcements on the strengthening mechanisms of an ultrafine-grained dual phase steel containing
titanium, Materials and Design, 44, 331-339, (2013).
Jun Hu, Lin-Xiu Du, Jian-Jun Wang, Cai-Ru Gao, Tong-Zi Yang, An-Yang Wang, R.D.K. Misra,
Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of a New As-Hot-Rolled High-Strength DP Steel Subjected
to Different Cooling Schedules, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 44A, 4937-4946, (2013).
M.D. Zhang, J.Hu, W.Q.Cao, H.Dong, Microstructure and mechanical properties of high strength
and high toughness microlaminated dual phase steels, Materials Science & Engineering A, 618, 168-
, (2014).
Marion Calcagnotto, Dirk Ponge, Dierk Raabe, Effect of grain refinement to 1µm on strength and
toughness of dual-phase steels, Materials Science and Engineering A, 527, 7832-7840, (2010) [74]
Hossein Hosseini-Toudeshky , Behnam Anbarlooie , Javad Kadkhodapour , Ghasem Shadalooyi,
Microstructural deformation pattern and mechanical behavior analyses of DP600 dual phase steel,
Materials Science & Engineering A, 600, 108-121, (2014).
Ilana Timokhina, Elena Pereloma, Peter Hodgson, The Formation of Complex Microstructures
After Different Deformation Modes in Advanced High-Strength Steels, Metallurgical and Materials
Transactions A, 45A, 4247-4256, (2014).
Product catalogue of Arcelormittal Automotive worldwide – European edition,
http://automotive.arcelormittal.com/saturnus/sheets/B_EN.pdf, 1-7, [Accessed December 2016].
Y.F.Shen, Y.D.Liu, X.Sun, Y.D.Wang, L.Zuo, R.D.K.Misra, Improved ductility of a
transformation-induced-plasticity steel by nanoscale austenite lamellae, Materials Science &
Engineering A, 583, 1-10, (2013).
Seyed Mohammad Kazem Hosseini , Abbass Zarei-Hanzaki , Steve Yue, Effects of ferrite phase
characteristics on microstructure and mechanical properties of thermomechanicallyprocessed lowsilicon content TRIP-assisted steels, Materials Science & Engineering A, 626, 229-236, (2015).
Bruno C. De Cooman, Paul Gibbs, Seawoong Lee, David K. Matlock, Transmission Electron
Microscopy Analysis of Yielding in Ultrafine-Grained Medium Mn Transformation-Induced Plasticity
Steel, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 44A, 2563-2572, (2013).
Koh-ichi Sugimoto, Muneo Murata, Sung-Moo Song, Formability of Al–Nb Bearing Ultra Highstrength TRIP-aided Sheet Steels with Bainitic Ferrite and/or Martensite Matrix, ISIJ International, 50,
No. 1, 162-168, (2010).
Junya Kobayashi, Daiki Ina, Yuji Nakajima, Koh-Ichi Sugimoto, Effects of Microalloying on the
Impact Toughness of UltrahighStrength TRIP-Aided Martensitic Steels, Metallurgical and Materials
Transactions A, 44A, 5006-5017, (2013).
Qihang Han, Yulong Zhang, Li Wang, Effect of Annealing Time on Microstructural Evolution and
Deformation Characteristics in 10Mn1.5Al TRIP Steel, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A,
A, 1917-1926, (2015).
Haiwen Luo , Han Dong, New ultrahigh-strength Mn-alloyed TRIP steels with improved
formability manufactured by intercritical annealing, Materials Science & Engineering A, 626, 207-212,
(2015).
Minghui Cai, Zhun Li, Qi Chao, Peter D. Hodgson, A Novel Mo and Nb Microalloyed Medium
Mn TRIP Steel with Maximal Ultimate Strength and Moderate Ductility, Metallurgical and Materials
Transactions A, 45A, 5624-5634, (2014).
Chang Gil Lee, Sung-Joon Kim, Tae-Ho Lee, Chang-Seok Oh, Effects of Tramp Elements on
Formability of Low-carbon TRIP aided Multiphase Cold-rolled Steel Sheets, ISIJ International, 44, No. 4, 737-743, (2004).
Gianfranco Lovicu, Mauro Bottazzi, Fabio D’aiuto, Massimo De Sanctis, Antonella Dimatteo, Ciro
Santus, Renzo Valentini, Hydrogen Embrittlement of Automotive Advanced High-Strength Steels,
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 43A, 4075-4087, (2012).
Product catalogue of Arcelormittal Automotive worldwide – European edition,
http://automotive.arcelormittal.com/saturnus/sheets/C_EN.pdf, 1-9, [Accessed January 2017].
Product catalogue of Arcelormittal Automotive worldwide – North American edition,
http://automotive.arcelormittal.com/repository2/AutomotivProduct %20offer/MartensiticSteels.pdf, 1-
, [Accessed January 2017].
George Kraus, Heat Treated Martensitic Steels: Microstructural Systems for Advanced
Manufacture, A Review, ISIJ International, 35, No. 4, 349-359, (1995).
Hiroshi Matsuda, Reiko Mizuno, Yoshimasa Funakawa, Kazuhiro Seto, Saiji Matsuoka, Yasushi
Tanaka, Effects of auto-tempering behaviour of martensite on mechanical properties of ultra high
strength steel sheets, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 577S, S661-S667, (2013).
Jian Bian, Hardy Mohrbacher, Jian-Su Zhang, Yun-Tang Zhao, Hong-Zhou Lu, Han Dong,
Application potential of high performance steels for weight reduction and efficiency increase in
commercial vehicles, Journal of advanced Manufacturing, 3, 27-36, (2015)
Product catalogue of Arcelormittal Automotive worldwide – European edition,
http://automotive.arcelormittal.com/saturnus/sheets/D_EN.pdf, 1-6, [Accessed January 2017].
Haijiang Hu, Guang Xu, Li Wang, Zhengliang Xue, Yulong Zhang, Guanghui Liu, The effects of
Nb and Mo addition on transformation and properties in low carbon bainitic steels, Materials and Design,
, 95-99, (2015).
Jun Hu , Lin-Xiu Du , Jian-Jun Wang, Effect of cooling procedure on microstructures and
mechanical properties of hot rolled Nb–Ti bainitic high strength steel, Materials Science and
Engineering A, 554, 79-85, (2012).
F.G. Caballero, S. Allain, J. Cornide, J.D. Puerta Velásquez, C.Garcia-Mateo, M.K.Miller, Design
of cold rolled and continuous annealed carbide-free bainitic steels for automotive application, Materials
and Design, 49, 667-680, (2013).
Francisca García Caballero, María Jesús Santofimia, Carlos Capdevila, Carlos García-Mateo,
Carlos García De Andrés, Design of Advanced Bainitic Steels by Optimisation of TTT Diagrams and
T0 Curves, ISIJ International, 46, No. 10, 1479-1488, (2006).
Product catalogue of Arcelormittal Automotive worldwide – European edition,
http://automotive.arcelormittal.com/saturnus/sheets/E_EN.pdf, 1-9, [Accessed January 2017].
W. J. Liu, An Introduction to Advanced Hot-Formed Steel for Automobile, Acta Metallurgica
Sinicia (English Letter), 27, No. 3, 373-382, (2014).
Hongsheng Liu, Wei Liu, Jun Bao, Zhongwen Xing, Baoyu Song, and Chengxi Lei, Numerical
and Experimental Investigation into Hot Forming of Ultra High Strength Steel Sheet, Journal of
Materials Engineering and Performance, 20, No.1, 1-10, (2011).
R. George, A. Bardelcik, M.J. Worswick, Hot forming of boron steels using heated and cooled
tooling for tailored properties, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 212, 2386-2399, (2012).
Book: New Trends and Developments in Automotive System Engineering, Edited by Marcello
Chiaberge, Chapter 6 - High Mn TWIP Steels for Automotive Applications, B. C. De Cooman, Kwanggeun Chin and Jinkyung Kim, InTech Press, Cambridge, Shanghai , 101-128, (2011).
R. W. Neu, Performance and Characterization of TWIP Steels for Automotive Applications,
Materials performance and characterization, 2, No.1, 244-284, (2013).
G.W. Yuan, M.X.Huang, Supper strong nanostructured TWIP steels for automotive applications,
Progress in Natural Science: Materials International, 24, 50-55, (2014).
M. Daamen, O. Güvenç, M. Bambach, G. Hirt, Development of efficient production routes based
on strip casting for advanced high strength steels for crash-relevant parts, CIRP Annals - Manufacturing Technology, 63, 265-268, (2014).
G. Dini, A. Najafizadeh, R. Ueji , S.M. Monir-Vaghefi, Improved tensile properties of partially
recrystallized submicron grained TWIP steel, Materials Letters, 64, 15-18, (2010).
I.B. Timokhina, A.Medvedev, R.Lapovok, Severe plastic deformation of a TWIP steel, Materials
Science & Engineering A, 593, 163-169, (2014).
Georg Frommeyer, Udo Brüx, Peter Neumann, Supra-Ductile and High-Strength ManganeseTRIP/TWIP Steels for High Energy Absorption Purposes, ISIJ International, 43, No. 3, 438-446, (2003).
Seok Su Sohn, Kayoung Choi, Jai-Hyun Kwak, Nack J. Kim, Sunghak Lee, Novel ferrite–
austenite duplex lightweight steel with 77% ductility by transformation induced plasticity and twinning
induced plasticity mechanisms, Acta Materialia, 78, 181- 189, (2014).
John G. Speer, E. De Moor, K.O. Findley, D.K. Matlock, B.C. De Cooman, D.V. Edmonds,
Analysis of Microstructure Evolution in Quenching and Partitioning Automotive Sheet Steel,
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 42A, 3591-3601, (2011).
A. Grajcar, R. Kuziak, W. Zalecki, Third generation of AHSS with increased fraction of retained
austenite for the automotive industry, achieves of civil and mechanical engineering, 12, 334-341, (2012).
Hao Qu, Gary M. Michal, Arthur H. Heuer, Third Generation 0.3C-4.0Mn Advanced High
Strength Steels Through a Dual Stabilization Heat Treatment: Austenite Stabilization Through
Eun Jung Seo, Lawrence Cho, Bruno Charles De Cooman, Application of Quenching and
Partitioning (Q&P) Processing to Press Hardening Steel, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A,
A, 4022-4037, (2014).
M. Naderi, M. Abbasi, A. Saeed-Akbari, Enhanced Mechanical Properties of a Hot-Stamped
Advanced High-Strength Steel via Tempering Treatment, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A,
A, 1852-1861, (2013).
Shengwei Qin, Yu Liu, Qingguo Hao, Ying Wang, Nailu Chen, Xunwei Zuo, Yonghua Rong, The
Mechanism of High Ductility for Novel High-Carbon Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Martensitic
Steel, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 46A, 4047-4055, (2015).
Santigopal Samanta, Sourav Das, Debalay Chakrabarti, Indradev Samajdar, Shiv Brat Singh,
Arunansu Haldar, Development of Multiphase Microstructure with Bainite, Martensite, and Retained
Austenite in a Co-Containing Steel Through Quenching and Partitioning (Q&P) Treatment,
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 44A, 5653-5664, (2013).
Tao Lin, Hong-Wu Song, Shi-Hong Zhang, Ming Cheng, Wei-Jie Liu, Yun Chen, Microstructure,
Mechanical Properties, and Toughening Mechanisms of a New Hot Stamping-Bake Toughening Steel,
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 46A, 4038-4046, (2015).
Ken-ichi Ikeda, Nana Kwame Gyan Yamoah, William T. Reynolds Jr., Jun-Ichi Hamada, and
Mitsuhiro Murayama, Effect of Laves Phase on High-Temperature Deformation and Microstructure
Evolution in an 18Cr-2Mo-0.5Nb Ferritic Stainless Steel, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A,
A, 3460-3469, (2015).
W. Xu, P.E.J. Rivera-Diaz-del-Castillo, W. Yan, K. Yang, D. San Martin, L.A.I. Kestens, S. van
der Zwaag, A new ultrahighstrength stainless steel strengthened by various coexisting nano precipitates,
Acta Materialia, 58, 4067-4075, (2010).
Chang Ye, Abhishek Telang, Amrinder S. Gill, Sergey Suslov, Yaakov Idell, Kai Zweiacker,
JörgM.K.Wiezorek, Zhong Zhou, Dong Qian, Seetha Ramaiah Mannava, Vijay K. Vasudevan, Gradient
nanostructure and residual stresses induced by Ultrasonic Nano-crystal Surface Modification in 304
austenitic stainless steel for high strength and high ductility, Materials Science & Engineering A, 613,
-288, (2014).
A. S. Hamada, A. P. Kisko, P. Sahu, L. P. Karjalainen, Enhancement of mechanical properties of
a TRIP-aided austenitic stainless steel by controlled reversion annealing, Materials Science &
Engineering A, 628, 154-159, (2015).
K. H. Lo, C. H. Shek,J. K. L. Lai, Recent developments in stainless steels, Materials Science and Engineering R, 65, 39-104, (2009).
S.V. Dobatkin, O. V. Rybalchenko, N. A. Enikeev, A. A. Tokar, M. M. Abramova, Formation of
fully austenitic ultrafine-grained high strength state in metastable Cr–Ni–Ti stainless steel by severe
plastic deformation, Materials Letters, 166, 276-279, (2016).
Yi Xiong , Tiantian He , Junbei Wang , Yan Lu, Lufei Chen, Fengzhang Ren, Yuliang Liu , Alex
A. Volinsky, Cryorolling effect on microstructure and mechanical properties of Fe–25Cr– 20Ni
austenitic stainless steel, Materials and Design, 88, 398-405, (2015).
A. Rezaee, A. Kermanpur, A. Najafizadeh, M. Moallemi, Production of nano/ultrafine grained
AISI 201L stainless steel through advanced thermo-mechanical treatment, Materials Science and
Engineering A, 528, 5025-5029, (2011).
R.D.K. Misra, X.L. Wan, V.S.A. Challa, M.C. Somani, L.E. Murr, Relationship of grain size and
deformation mechanism to the fracture behavior in high strength–high ductility nano-structured
austenitic stainless steel, MaterialsScience & Engineering A, 626, 41-50, (2015).
Guixun Sun, Yu Zhang, Shicheng Sun, Jiangjiang Hu, Zhonghao Jiang, Changtao Ji, Jianshe Lian,
Plastic flow behavior and its relationship to tensile mechanical properties of high nitrogen nickel-free
austenitic stainless steel, Materials Science & Engineering A, 662, 432-442, (2016).
G.S. Sun , L.X. Du, J. Hu, H. Xie , H.Y.Wu, R.D.K. Misra , Ultra high strength nano/ultrafinegrained 304 stainless steel through three-stage cold rolling and annealing treatment, Materials
Characterization, 110, 228-235, (2015)
Seok Su Sohn, Hyejin Song, Byeong-Chan Suh, Jai-Hyun Kwak, Byeong-Joo Lee, Nack J. Kim,
Sunghak Lee, Novel ultra-highstrength (ferrite + austenite) duplex lightweight steels achieved by fine
dislocation substructures (Taylor lattices), grain refinement, and partial recrystallization, Acta
Materialia, 96, 301-310, (2015).
Fuqiang Yang, Renbo Song ⇑, Yaping Li, Ting Sun, Kaikun Wang, Tensile deformation of low
density duplex Fe–Mn–Al–C steel, Materials and Design, 76, 32-39, (2015).
P. Behjati, A. Kermanpur, A. Najafizadeh, H. Samaei Baghbadorani, J.-G. Jung, Y.-K.Lee,
Influence of pre-cooling and deformation temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties in a
high-manganese austenitic steel, Materials Science & Engineering A, 614, 232-237, (2014).
P. Behjati, A. Kermanpur, A. Najafizadeh, H. Samaei Baghbadorani, L.P. Karjalainen, J.-G.
Jung,Y.-K. Lee, Design of a new Ni-free austenitic stainless steel with unique ultrahigh strength-high
ductility synergy, Materials and Design, 63, 500-507, (2014).
S K Ghosh, P Mallick, P P Chattopadhyay, Effect of Cold Deformation on Phase Evolution and
Mechanical Properties in an Austenitic Stainless Steel for Structural and Safety Applications, Journal of
Iron and Steel Research, International, 19, No. 4, 63-68, (2012).
Iaroslava Shakhova, Andrey Belyakov, Zhanna Yanushkevich, Kaneaki Tsuzaki, Rustam
Kaibyshev, On Strengthening of Austenitic Stainless Steel by Large Strain Cold Working, ISIJ
International, 56, No. 7, 1289-1296, (2016).
Carola Celada Casero, David San Marti´n, Austenite Formation in a Cold-Rolled Semi-austenitic
Stainless Steel, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 45A, 1767-1777, (2014).
Hojjat Samaei Baghbadorani, Ahmad Kermanpur, Abbas Najafizadeh, Peiman Behjati,
Mohammad Moallemi, Ahad Rezaee, Influence of Nb-Microalloying on the Formation of
Nano/Ultrafine-Grained Microstructure and Mechanical Properties During Martensite Reversion
Process in a 201-Type Austenitic Stainless Steel, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 46A,
-3413, (2015).
Daniel M. Field, David C. Van Aken, Nanocrystalline Advanced High Strength Steel Produced
by Cold Rolling and Annealing, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 47A, 1912-1917, (2016).
Xiaodong Mao, Suk Hoon Kang, Tae Kyu Kim, Seul Cham Kim, Kyu Hwan Oh, Jinsung Jang,
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Austenitic Oxide Dispersion
Strengthened Steel, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 47A, 5334-5343, (2016).
Qingxuan Ran, Wanjian Xu, Zhaoyu Wu, Jun Li, Yulai Xu, Xueshan Xiao, Jincheng Hu, Laizhu
Jiang, Evolutions of Microstructure and Properties During Cold Rolling of 19Cr Duplex Stainless Steel,
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 47A, 5037-5048, (2016).
Yongcan Li, Wei Yan, James D. Cotton, Glamm J. Ryan, Yifu Shen, Wei Wang, Yiyin Shan, Ke
Yang, A new 1.9 GPa maraging stainless steel strengthened by multiple precipitating species, Materials
and Design, 82, 56-63, (2015).
M. Eskandari, A. Zarei-Hanzaki, M.A. Mohtadi-Bonab, Y.Onuki, R. Basu, A. Asghari, J.A.
Szpunar, Grain-orientation-dependent of γ–€–α/ transformation and twinningin a super-highstrength,high ductility austenitic Mn-steel, Materials Science & Engineering A, 674, 514-528, (2016).
Barna Roy, Rajesh Kumar , Jayanta Das, Effect of cryorolling on the microstructure and tensile
properties of bulk nano-austenitic stainless steel, Materials Science & Engineering A, 631, 241-247,
(2015).
M. Eskandari, A. Kermanpur, A. Najafizadeh, Formation of Nanocrystalline Structure in 301
Stainless Steel Produced by Martensite Treatment, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 40A,
-2249, (2009).
Javad Mola, Bruno C. De Cooman, Quenching and Partitioning (Q&P) Processing of Martensitic
Stainless Steels, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 44A, 946-967, (2013).
Y.F. Shen, N. Jia, Y.D. Wang, X. Sun, L. Zuo, D. Raabe, Suppression of twinning and phase
transformation in an ultrafine grained 2 GPa strong metastable austenitic steel.