Cartography And Management Of Food-Insecure Areas In Garut Rina

The objective of this research was to investigate the situation of food insecurity and its handling in Garut District, West Java, Indonesia. An analysis based on the national food insecurity indicators and the Food Insecurity Atlas has identified food-insecure areas, resulting in nine indicators reflecting the three pillars of food security, i.e.,food availability, access to food, and use of food. Results on food insecurity status show that priority 1 belongs to the nine villages under study 1. The local government has imposed five policies to address food insecurity, i.e., 1) setting up a monthly program called the Food and Nutrition Security System, 2) direct assistance in the form of food staples, 3) developing the Food Security and Vulnerability Atlas, 4) improving food access, and 5) developing self-sufficient villages. These attempts are quite efficient. After three years, more areas have moved from Priority 1 to Priority 3 in food security.

plantations, livestock, forestry, and fisheries (BPS, 2014).Despite the excellence, several villages in GarutDistrictare still classified as food insecure areas.There are nine villages categorized in Priority 1-towns considered the most vulnerable to food insecuritymeasured based on the nine indicators above.
According to their respective duties and authorities, the government and the community should work together to determine the priority of handling food insecurity. They should explore the root of the problem by examining in depth through research that generates accurate data on the situation and conditions of food security starting from the household level to the national level. The data then can be used as the basis for strategic policy-making to overcome various food problems.

METHOD
This study was conducted through three steps: formulation of food insecurity indicators, determination of areas of Priority 1 of food insecurity, and identification of the causes of food insecurity. The title of food insecurity at the village level was made based on FIA's indicators (Food Insecurity Atlas),used in the national food security analysis.
The researchers referred to the 2015 Food Security and Vulnerability Atlas of West Java (World Food Programme, 2015) to select the research sites and obtain data about potential food insecurity in Garutdistrict, Indonesia. The chosen areas are classified as Priority 1 of food insecurity (most vulnerable to food and nutrition crises). Nine villages were selected, namely Pancasarua. Tegalega, Simpang, Margamulya, Godog, Sekarwangi, Sukajaya, Sukanagara, and Purwajaya.
Data collection was done through the following steps: (1) Documentation in 2016 from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS), village offices and Food Security Agency (BKP) of GarutDistrict; (2) Interviews with stakeholders including the community to explore information on indicators of food insecurity in the region and to follow up the documents available at BPS, BKP, or village offices; (3) Direct observation by recordingthe facilities, infrastructure, agricultural conditions of the areas under study systematically; (4) Questionnaires were administered to residents of the areas under study to elicit information about poverty and other relevant information.

Analysis of normative consumption
The results of normative consumption analysis in the nine locations in Garutdistrict(see Table 1) show that each village's food availabilityis classified into the 'large surplus' category. In other words, the amount of cereal produced by each village is more than enough to meet the food needs of its local population.Nevertheless, based on interviews with each ofthe nine village chiefs and supported by population data from the sub-district office, most of the rural areas are farmworkers, not landowners. Table 2 shows that the population living below the poverty line in all villages under study belongs to the 'highly vulnerable' category (11 out of 13 indicators). The poverty indicators refer to 14 standard poverty measures(BPS, 2014): 1) house floor area of less than 8 m 2 / person, 2) house with dirt or cheap wood floor, 3) house wall made of bamboo or low-quality wood, 4) low sewage system, 5) no electricity, 6) unprotected springs or rivers as drinking water sources, 7) firewood or charcoal as daily cooking fuels, 8) low protein consumption (once a week), 9) eating once to twice a day, 10) buying one set of new clothes in a year (at maximum) for every household member, 11) no health budget, 12) the head of household: farmer (farm area of 500 m 2 ), farmworker, fisherman, construction worker and others who earn Rp 600,000/month, 13) agricultural household heads with only primary education, and 14) no easy-to-sell items with a minimum price of Rp 500,000. The 'pre-prosperous' category includes households that exhibit all ofthe 14 measures. Homes that exhibit 11-12 characteristics belong to the 'prosperous 1' category. The 'prosperous 2' category includes households that display 9-10 attributes.

Population below the poverty line
The data collected from village documents, observation, and questionnaires administered to 10% of each village population reveal that, on average, the residents of the nine villages under study live below the poverty line by exhibiting 11 to 13 indicators of poverty.Among the nine villages, Godog, Purwajaya, andSimpang are the areas with the highest number of poor people, i.e., above 80%.

Villages without access to electricity and safe water
The number of households in the nine villages that do not have access to electricity and clean water can be found in Table 3.The percentage of households without electricity access shows that only one villagebelongs to the 'secure' category. Based on the observation, more than 50% of the population lives without electricity because most towns have no electricity access. Regarding access to safe water, most households in the areas under study still use river water for bathing, drinking, and cooking.

Villages inaccessible to four-wheeled vehicles
Three out of nine villages under study belong to the 'vulnerable' category due to poor road conditions.These areas do not have asphalt roads, only narrow dirt roads that can merely be traveledby two-wheeled vehicles and are often impassable in the rainy season (see Figure 1). As a result, access to public facilities is limited and difficult.

Life expectancy and infant mortality rate
As shown in Table 4, in general, the life expectancy of the nine villages under study belongs to the 'secure' category. Based on the infant mortality rate analysis in the nine villages, all villages belong to the 'highly secure' category.

Population living >5 km away from puskesmas
The analysis results of the residents of the nine villages that live >5 km from puskesmas (community health care centers) showed that only one town (Godog) belongs to 'highly secure.' However, two villages (Sukanagara and Purwajaya) are still classified as 'highly vulnerable' because the travel distance to reach the closestpuskesmas is between 17 to 23 km.

Policy on handling food insecurity in Garutdistrict
Some policies and operational steps implemented to handle food insecurity in Garutdistrict, Indonesia,have referred to central government policies based on the 2015 Government Institution Performance Accountability Report (LAKIP) (BKPD, 2015). The actions include 1) monitoring and early detection system in anticipating the occurrence of food insecurity through a monthly program called Food and Nutrition Security System (SKPG), 2) direct assistance in the form of food staples to impoverished areas,3) preparation of food security and vulnerability atlas (FSVA) for setting operational steps and implementing work programs in each region with its different needs, 4) improving access to food by increasing agricultural production and working with the society, government and universities, and 5) development of food self-sufficient villages. The village empoweredis then given a responsibility to foster three food-insecure villages in the surroundings.

DISCUSSION
Of the nine villages classified as Priority 1offood insecurity, the food availability is in the 'high surplus' category. However, by the fourteen criteria for the poverty line established by the Indonesian Central Statistics Agency (BPS), the nine areas under study are considered too deprived.This contradictory result suggests a severe problem in post-harvest management.Turyahabwe, Kakuru, Tweheyo& Tumusiime (2013) and Arouna, Lokossou, Wopereis, Bruce-Oliver, & Roy-Macauley (2017), the availability of food cannot guarantee the food security of an area. Sufficient food availability has tobe supported by the availability of other infrastructure such as roads, electricity, and so forth. Food production is also not the sole determinant of food security, but merely one of the decisive factors (Mun'im, 2016). The factors affecting food security in food surplus areas are food access and utilization, not food availability. It is in line with Suryana (2005) stating that national food availability adequacy does not guarantee the adequacy of consumption at the household or individual level, mainly due to a As in South Korea, the government has introduced a policy that reflects a market-based approach, which has been proven effective in reducing the poverty gap from 6.8 to 39.6% in 2016 by encouraging the informal sector to provide better social services (Choi, Choi, & Choi, 2016). At the micro-level, the policies should improve agricultural productivity by increasing the capital, marketing effort, and quality of agricultural produce.In Tanzania, food security is highly dependent on the food supply systems and the food production potential in rural areas (Wenban-Smith, Faße, & Grote, 2016). Dawson, Martin & Sikor (2016) further pointed out that a traditional farming system orientating towards subsistence and local trade needs to adopt improved seed varieties to increase production and income. Therefore, Indonesia's government, especially the local government of Garut District, should partner with various concerned elements to develop superior agricultural varieties, not only in quantity but also in quality. As in Africa, the improvement of seed varieties, particularly rice, impacts food security and poverty alleviation (see Sanchez, Denning, & Nziguheba, 2009;Jayne & Rashid, 2013; draft-Johnson, Suzuki, Sakurai, & Otsuka, 2014). Rice is considered an essential agricultural product, the most significantfood energy source, and a staple food for more than 750 million people (Shrestha, Deb, & Bui, 2016).
Other factors responsible for severe food insecurity are limited access to medical care, safe water, and electricity. Most people in the nine villages are being restricted to adequate water and electricity supply.There is a significant influence of the availability and quality of clean water on a region's poverty (Soussan, 2004). This is in line with Kumar & Singh (2005), stating that acute water scarcity can affect a country's economic condition. When access to clean water is better, then land and irrigation will improve. People living in rural areas with limited facilities are more likely to have poor health due to various constraints (Wibowo, 1992). Bad health outcomes lack access to necessary health facilities such as puskesmas or hospitals (Nainggolan, Hapsari, & Indrawati, 2016). In Pakistan, the primary cause of food insecurity and unemployment, and inadequate education, is poor health (Abdullah et al., 2017). Research conducted in 11 countries in Asia, including Indonesia, on the causes of poverty revealed that one indicator of poverty is the family budget on health care,whichis still below the standards(van Doorslaer et al., 2006).
The local government of Garut district has devoted considerable effort to alleviate poverty and food insecurity through short and long-term social welfare programs set out in the Garut Strategic Plan, such as improving food access, providing basic needs assistance, and developing independent villages.The world has a long history of food aid programs to the poor in various countries, including in Washington (see Subbarao, 1997;Ravallion, 2003;von Braun, 1995;Barrett, 2002).Nevertheless, these aid projects to the poor should be based on appropriate strategies and kept under control. As in Kenya, for many years, the Kenyan government invested in food security projects to combat poverty by involving 15 development partners. However, the project ultimately failed because only 5 out of 36 funded groups were active, and the rest were not traceable and remained in low and food insecurity status (Wabwoba & Wakhungu, 2013). In Hong Kong, the government spent a considerable amount on social assistance provision and applied strict controls on the recipients (Lai, 2017).

CONCLUSION
The status of food insecurity in the nine villages under studywas determined by nine indicators related to food availability, food access, and food utilization. Various food insecurity dimensions cause food insecurity in those villages classified as Priority 1, but the primary cause is the population living below the poverty line.
The five social welfarepolicies above effectively reduce food insecurity because there has been a significant positive change-evaluated in the last three years. Based on the World Food Programme (2015) study, 16 villages were categorized as Priority 1 of food insecurity in 2013, and nine were left in 2016-some have shifted to Priority 2 and Priority 3.