Analysis of Da’if & Mawdu’ Hadith in the Book of Ta’lim Al-Muta’allim by Shaykh Al- Zarnuji

Ta’lim al-Muta’allim’s book by Sheikh al-Zarnuji is a turath book containing ethics and manners of learning and teaching between teachers and students. This book is famous and distributed in the Archipelago especially in Malaysia and Indonesia. It is also widely used in pesantran or pondok nowaday. Sheikh al-Zarnuji used hadiths of prophet Muhammad s.a.w as the main source and hujjah in Ta’lim al-Muta’allim’s book. He also included some other categories of hadith including da’if and mawdu’ hadiths. The issue is Ta’lim al-Muta’llim’s book contains many da’if and mawdu’ hadiths and have been referred by Muslim. This study is very important to understand the method and rule of practicing of da’if and mawdu’ hadiths. Hence, this study aimed to analyse da’if and mawdu’ hadiths contained in Ta’lim al-Muta’llim’s book. The methodology of this hadith is qualitative method by using content analysis approach toward Ta’lim al-Muta’llim’s book. Thus, the finding for the analysis of 40 hadiths in this book found that only 30% hadith can be used for fada’il al-amal if fulfilled the conditions by the ulama’s. Hence, thematic analysis is important to be done in order to ensure the quantity of da’if and mawdu’ hadiths in this book and also to ensure the da’if hadith can be practiced only for fada’il al-amal matter.


Introduction
Islamic world focusing in Archipelago has produced many ulama' in various fields. Their contribution to the knowledge's world is immense especially for Muslims from time to time. Though, some of their contributions have not been highlighted to be declared as a precious academic contribution. So that, this contribution of academic treasure are hidden and might even become lost by times. Thus, author are hardly trying to explore and highlight the intelectual contribution owned by Burhan al-Islam al-Zarnuji or famously known as Sheikh al-Zarnuji. He is originated from the city of Zarnuj, Turkey (al-Qarashi, 1995). But, it is also argued that the city of Zarnuj located in Turkistan. Thus, what is clear is that both cities were once part of an area known as Transoxiana. There are also some with views that Sheikh al-Zarnuji is actually from a city of Zarand which is located in Persia that was once the capital city of Sidjistan located in South Hera (Abd al-Qadir Ahmad, 1986). Sheikh al-Zarnuji's date of birth remains unknown but it is believed that he lived around the same era of Tajudin Nu'man bin Ibrahim al-Zarnuji that passed away on year 640 H/1242M (Al-Qurasyi, 1995). The death year of Sheikh al-Zarnuji still has not been determined due to a few different historical notes with differing facts which are as follows: i.

Overview on the Book's Author: Sheikh Al-Zarnuji
Sheikh al-Zarnuji is a Muslim intellectual that wrote the book called Ta'lim al-Muta'allim and it is still being used until this day as a reference in schools in Indonesia and other regions in Nusantara. Ta'lim al-Muta'alim is a religious book by Sheikh al-Zarnuji that is still being studied to this day. This is not to say that there are no other books written by Sheikh al-Zarnuji. Logically, someone who is respectful and smart such as Sheikh al-Zarnuji who have struggled and dedicated his life for serving the educational world usually as an indicator or prove that he has written many others educational books. Besides, the teachers as well as friends to Sheikh al-Zarnuji who lived during the same era also have written many religious books. That is why pepole in this day have the impression that Sheikh al-Zarnuji has written many other religious books but the only one that currently known and familiar is the book of Ta'lim al-Muta'allim. This is also revealed by Plessner (1913) that the book of Ta'lim al-Muta'allim is the only one of Sheikh al-Zarnuji's remains but it is not deny his other works that might be lost or destroyed due to the war by Mongols in his village. Furthermore, Haji Khalifah (1941) said that between 15.000 books which were published in the 17th century, it was noted that the book of Ta'lim al-Muta'alim is the only book of works by Sheikh al-Zarnuji. This book was adapted by Ibrahim ibn Isma'il with the title Ta'lim al-Muta'allim Tariq al-Ta'lim published in 996 H. Next, Ta'lim al-Muta'alim's book was translated into other languages such as Latin by H. ROLAND in 1709 and CASPARI in 1838 entitled Enchiridion Studiosi. This book is widespread throughout the libraries at that day and now (Afandi Mukhtar, 1995). The Ta'lim al-Muta'allim' book is regarded as the monumental work because of the great effort from the Sheikh al-Zarnuji who provided his life to serve in education until the end of his life (Abd al-Qadir Ahmad, 1986). Other views also said that the absence of Sheikh al-Zarnuji's other work was due to the Invasion of Berbare by the Mongol led by Jengis Khan (1220-1225 M) on Persians. The raid brought the killing of Muslims and the burning of the library resulted the Sheikh al-Zarnuji' s works become lost. The Mongol forces, destroyed and conquered the eastern Persians area, Khurasan and Transoxiana which was at the time known as a rich, prosperous and advanced Persians country. Consequently, a lot of the areas in Persia were damaged and leaving perish as well as Sheikh al-Zarnuji's works (Abd al-Rahman Khan, 1986).
The work of Ta'lim al-Muta'allim is written in Arabic. Sheikh al-Zarnuji was a great figure and great in the Arabic language. This caused many different opinions to rise about his descent whether he was an Arabic descent or not. Based on some of the studies that have been found by the author, there are views stated that al-Zarnuji was Arabic. The view might be true because at the time of the spread of Islam, many Arabs spread the Islamic religion in others states and they settled in that place. Besides, Sheikh al-Zarnuji can be considered as a philosopher because in the book of Ta'lim al-Muta'allim also touches on ethics (moral), values of philosophy and it is close to the Imam al-Ghazali's philosophy. It even can be said that the philosophy of Imam al-Ghazali is greatly available in the book of Ta'lim al-Muta'allim. Sheikh al-Zarnuji also is an expert of Fiqh and also a Philosopher (Plessner, 1913(Plessner, -1914. There have been mentions that Sheikh al-Zarnuji live in the era of Rida al-Din al-Naysaburi between 500-600 H (Abudin . At that time, knowledge has become improved and moderned despite the Daulah Islamiyah political conditions weakening. At the time of Daulah Islamiyah, knowledge was more highly regarded than previous eras. Although the power and the political situation began down, the light of knowledge became brighter (Ahmad Hasjmy, 1978). Thus, Sheikh al-Zarnuji lived during a time of continuous knowledge success that continued up until the fourteenth century.

Overview on Kitab Ta'lim al-Muta'allim
Ta'lim al-Muta'allim's book by Sheikh al-Zarnuji is an academic work categorized as a popular classic scripture and is used for education in Nusantara specifically Indonesia. The privilege of this book is written in Arabic and able to educate the Muslim community in the Nusantara especially Indonesia and is refered until now for education area since it has been published in 1268 M. The book contains moral and ethics and it also known as the book of tarbawi (education) suitable with the title of Ta'lim al-Muta'allim (learning and teaching). The book also contains the advice of tarbawiyah sourced from al-Quran, hadith of the Prophet SAW, the word of the companions, their wise words and their persuasion as well as poem (syair) that contain wisdoms. This book contains many hadiths of the Prophet SAW total of 40 hadiths written in lafz or ma'na and from various status of hadith.

The Hukm of Practising Da'if and Mawdu' Hadiths
The status of hadiths reflects the strength of each hadiths and effected the ability in practicing the hadiths. Sahih and hasan hadiths are the maqbul hadith which is accepted to be referred in the hukm enforcement, while the da'if hadith is rejected to be implemented in the enforcement of hukm. Thus, ulama' have different views on this issue whether da'if hadith is not accepted to be refereed for all aspects and filed in Islam or for certain aspects only. The discussion on this issue can be simplified in five ways: i. The Hukm of Practicing Daif Hadith in Aqidah Majority of ulama' said that da'if hadith cannot be used as dalil or hujjah in matters of Aqidah matter such as ma'rifatullah, malaikah (angels), qada' and qadar, ghayb issues and so on. Even most ulama' claim that aqidah matter only can be referred and used the mutawatir hadith as the dalil and hujjah. Although Ibn Qayyim and other ulama' said that the khabar ahad which is sahih also can be used as hujjah for aqidah matter (Al-Khudayr, 1997). Thus, this shows that daif hadith is not a basis or source for aqidah matter among majority of ulama'.
ii. The Hukm of Practicing Da'if Hadith in Fada'il al-'Amal Ulama' have different opinions on the issue of whether the da'if hadith can be referred and used as the dalil and hujjah for fada'il al-'amal, targhib (call for reward) and tarhib (threat of sin) matters. As most of the contents in Ta'lim Muta'allim book regarding advice on targhib and tarhib, it is crutial to know the hukm on practicing this hadith. The ulama' define the concept of da'if hadith in this issue with limited to the da'if hadith that can be strengthened by other hadiths (hadiths that containing the unknown narrator or jahalah bi al-rawi) and do not contains the condition of dabt al-rawi like mursal, mu'allaq, mu'dal hadiths and related with it. But, the hadiths that very weak in status because of the allegation against the 'adalah rawi are not including in this issue such as mawdu', matruk, munkar hadiths and others (Umar, 1401). Opinions of ulama' regarding this issue is divided into This opinion is in between to both opinions above. This is the opinion of the ulama' but not the consensus or ittifaq ulama' as stated by Imam Nawawi. This is because many great ulama' do not agreed with this third view as mention above. There are three conditions proposed by ulama' (al-Tahanawi, nd): • It is not very da'if hadiths This means the hadith narrated by al-kadhdhabun (liar), al-muttaham bil kadhab (who is accused of lying) and the narrator whose fault is most inadmissible including mawdu' hadith.
• The hadith is in line with Islamic practice. The hadith does not contradict with the meaning of the al-Quran and sahih hadith. • The intention to practice this hadith is to pay more attention to its priorities and advantages. When practicing da'if hadith on this issue, it is not because of believe that the hadith is from the prophet Muhammad s.a.w but because of careful in religious matters in order to gain the reward of the targhib hadiths or not to sin from the tarhib hadits.
Some ulama' add other conditions other than above but it is not mentioned here because some of the conditions are included in the above or are already known which require no further explanation such as the condition which is not in conflict with the sahih hadith. In this regard, the author agreed and reinforces the third opinion of permissibility of practicing the da'if hadith with several conditions and reasons: • The hadith used by the first opinion as dalil and hujjah is including as mawdu' hadith (Muhammad Tahir al-Fattani, nd).
• Permissibility of taking the da'if hadith would lead to the spreading of bid'ah and superstition (khurafat) as many bid'ah and superstitions are found in the very da'if hadith.
• The second opinion argues that the sahih hadith is sufficient and no longer necessary to the da'if hadith, this is a matter of consensus (ittifaq) between the second and the third opinion because among the conditions mentioned is the hadith is based on the practicing matters in Shariah and not is a new hukm that stands alone.
• The condition of practicing is the intention of ihtiyat (paying more attention to the priorities and advantages or cautiousness of practicing the religion) is the answer to the second opinion that obligates the "must and circumcision" hukm from the sahih hadith, as da'if hadith here only for ihtiyat and not for enforment of hukm.
iii • The numbers of sahih hadiths in the field of ahkam are sufficient for a Muslim to practice the religion and no longer to take da'if hadith in this matter (Umar, 1401).
• Jaiz and sunnah are included in the five Islamic hukms which are obligatory (wajib), sunnah, jaiz, makruh and haram. All these five hukms must be established by sahih hadiths and not by da'if hadiths.
• Da'if hadith gives only the benefit of dhan al-Marjuh (a weak presumption) while Allah ta'ala condemns dhan.
In this issue the author strengthened and reinforces with the second opinion that it is not possible to practice the da'if hadith in the ahkam matters as for the following reasons: • The sahih hadiths are very numerous and sufficient for a Muslim to practice the religious teachings with sahih hadiths • Islamic jurisprudence must be set with sahih hadith and not with da'if hadith. • The first opinion stated by some ulama' is not their word but it is taken from their writings. • The da'if hadith taken for dalil and hujjah is not very da'if hadith and cannot be said that they totally agreed to apply dai'if hadith, but they used da'if hadith that still can be ascribed to hasan lighayrih hadith.
iv Majority of ulama' do not restrict the acceptance of hadiths in the field of al-siyar and al-maghazi, and they only required that the ulama' in sirah is a fair and thrustworthiness person, so that they can distinguish between true and false sirah. Imam Ahmad said: "Ibn Ishaq was one who is written the hadith in the sirah, maghazi and others and when it came to halal and haram matters, then he clenched his fingers (means this is thiqah narrator)" (Al-Khudayr, 1997). Then, for practicing with the mawdu' hadith, it is agreed by ulama' for it prohibition as it is clear lying against prophet Muhammad s.a.w.

Research Methodology
This study used qualitative methodology. The library search approach used to analyze the book of Sheikh al-Zarnuji especially related to the hadiths in Ta'lim al-Muta'allim's book. The primary source of this study is the book of Ta'lim al-Muta'alim written by Sheikh al-Zarnuji. While the secondary source is referring to books, journals, magazines, papers and other related sources.

Scope of Study
There are 40 hadiths starting from chapter one until thirteen from all the hadiths in Ta'lim al-Muta'allim's book that containing various hukms and positions of hadith whether sahih, hasan, da'if, da'if jiddan, mawdu' and some even did not find the source. Hence, this study only focuses on the da'if and mawdu' hadiths in the book.

Findings and Discussion
There are 40 hadiths from chapter one until thirteen in the book of Ta'lim al-Muta'allim. After analyzing this book, it can be concluded that this book contains sahih, hasan, da'if, da'if jiddan, mawdu' hadiths and even some hadith that the source has not been found. The number of da'if, da'if jiddan and mawdu' hadiths in this book are more than hadiths of sahih and hasan. The findings can be simplified as follows:  The da'if hadith found in the book of Ta'lim al-Muta'allim is total up to 14 hadiths or about 35% and 6 mawdu' hadith or about 15%. Most of the hadiths in the book are emphasize on tarbawiyah advice in learning and teaching. Apart from that, some hadiths contain daily practices. Here, the author would like to describe some forms of da'if and mawdu' hadiths which are used as a daily practice found in Ta Hadith with the lafz above is not yet known but there are some mutabi' whose the meaning is same as the lafz above, among them are: ‫سواك‬ ‫بغير‬ ‫صالة‬ ‫سبعين‬ ‫من‬ ‫خير‬ ‫بسواك‬ ‫صالة‬ : ‫وسلم‬ ‫عليه‬ ‫هللا‬ ‫صلى‬ ‫هللا‬ ‫رسول‬ ‫قال‬ The prophet Muhammad s.a.w said: Praying with siwak is better than praying seventy times without using siwak.
This hadith is narrated by al-Hakim (1990) in Mustadrak and is mentioned by al-Suyuti (nd) in al-Dur al-Manthur fi al-Hadith al-Mushtaharah. This hadith is considered as da'if hadith because there was a narrator named Ibn Ishaq in the chain of hadith narrator. According to al-Bayhaqi and Ibn Khuzaymah, this hadith was not heard directly by Ibn Ishaq from al-Zuhri and he tadlis it. In addition, there was the narrator named Mu'awiyah Ibn Yahya al-Sadafi and he was considered da'if by the ulama'. This hadith was also considered da'if by Imam al-Albani (1990) in Da'if Jami ' al-Saghir.
3. ‫حاضر‬ ‫فقر‬ ‫فانه‬ ‫الطمع‬ ‫و‬ ‫اياك‬ ‫والسالم‬ ‫الصالة‬ ‫عليه‬ ‫قال‬ Meaning: Rasulullah s.a.w said: Avoid greed because greed means poverty has occurred. This hadith is narrated by al-Tabarani (1995) in Mu'jam Awsat and al-Mundhiri (1999) in Targhib wa al-Tarhib. All of these are through Jabir bin 'Abd Allah. This hadith narrated by al-Tabarani was considered as da'if because there was a narrator named Muhammad bin Abi Hamid. His name was Ibrahim al-Ansari al-Zarqi and he was given the title Humad. Abu Dawud and Dar al-Qutni said that he is da'if. While Ibn Hibban said that he did not used with that hadith as the dalil or hujjah. Ibn 'Adi, on the other hand, said that he had been da'if by what he had