Comparison of NO x for Diesel and Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel

Transportation, industrial, commercial, agricultural and domestic sector mainly relies and uses diesel fuel to produce mechanical energy or power. Alternative fuels have also been introduced and using alternative fuels, continues to be a challenge. Biodiesel being a part of the alternative fuel, obtained from animal fat and vegetable oil, good alternative to conventional diesel. Popularity of biodiesel all of the world have recently increased because of its renewability, biodegradability, non-toxic, easy availability and better emission. For the use of biodiesel, engine modification is not needed. It is also free from Sulphur and aromatics, which helps in reducing exhaust emission, compared to conventional gasoline and also renders same fuel efficiency. For the use of biodiesel, engine modification is not needed. It is also free from Sulphur and aromatics, which helps in reducing exhaust emission, compared to conventional gasoline and also renders same fuel efficiency. Biodiesel could be blended in any ratio with the diesel and can also be used directly in the engine. Generally the price of raw edible oil are high and using them to produce biodiesel increase the price of the biodiesel. Biodiesel costs, 75-90% of the raw biodiesel. Because of the increasing cost of production of the biodiesel, use of waste cooking oil in the production of biodiesel would help in reducing the cost and would be a sustainable solution. It is sad that the waste cooking oil is discarded in the drain. Disposal of the waste cooking oil can lead to blockage, smell and environmental pollution. This paper simulates the NOx emission for Diesel and waste cooking oil biodiesel.


Introduction
Transportation, industrial, commercial, agricultural and domestic sector mainly relies and uses diesel fuel to produce mechanical energy or power.To improve the fuel economy and the emission, a lot of research have been carried out on internal combustion engine.Alternative fuels have also been introduced and using alternative fuels, continues to be a challenge.Biodiesel being a part of the alternative fuel, obtained from animal fat and vegetable oil, good alternative to conventional diesel.Popularity of biodiesel all of the world have recently increased because of its renewability, biodegradability, non-toxic, easy availability and better emission.For the use of biodiesel, engine modification is not needed.It is also free from Sulphur and aromatics, which helps in reducing exhaust emission, compared to conventional gasoline and also renders same fuel efficiency.Biodiesel could be blended in any ratio with the diesel and can also be used directly in the engine.But the specifications of the biodiesel should be with EN 14214 and ASTM D6751 limit.Because of the standard, the fuel complies with the emission limits and engine lastingness [1] [2].Biodiesel from vegetable oil have been widely examined in the recent years.Biodiesel production is mainly carried out in 4 ways, from fats and oil.The different ways of transesterification are: • Base-catalyzed transesterification • enzyme catalytic conversion of the oil into its fatty acids and then into biodiesel • direct acid-catalyzed transesterification • non-catalytic transesterification using methanol or methanol/co-solvent But the preferred way of transesterification is Base-catalyzed to produce biodiesel.Most commonly used alcohol is methanol because of its low cost.Distillation is a common method to produce methanol from the different methods.Generally the liquid products are petroleum gas, wood, natural gas and coal are distilled.Generally the price of raw edible oil are high and using them to produce biodiesel increase the price of the biodiesel.Biodiesel costs, 75-90% of the raw biodiesel.Because of the increasing cost of production of the biodiesel, use of waste cooking oil in the production of biodiesel would help in reducing the cost and would be a sustainable solution.It is sad that the waste cooking oil is discarded in the drain.Disposal of the waste cooking oil can lead to blockage, smell and environmental pollution.Because of which some government has put taxes on disposal of these oils [2].Waste cooking oil recycled as cooking oil can cause cancer as the oil is oxidized it produces toxic contents.Acquiring cooking oil in large amount still remains a challenge.Use of waste cooking oil should be increased by looking at the implementation, pro and cons and economic impact.It was observed that in London, 60% fresh oil was returned by western restaurants and pubs.To ease the process of producing biodiesel from waste cooking oil, supplies had been trained to obtain maximum waste oil [3].This paper compares the NOx emission in a diesel engine fueled with waste cooking oil biodiesel and conventional diesel.

Literature Review
M.S. Gad et al. 2020.researched on the use of waste cooking oil in conventional diesel engine.It was observed that, use of waste cooking oil biodiesel generated a lot of NOx emission.The biodiesel also had low volatility, high viscosity and high pour point.The impact of using gasoline with waste cooking oil biodiesel as an additive and its effect on combustion, emission, and exergy characteristics of a diesel engine run under various loads and a constant speed of 1500 rpm.With the help of ultrasonic and mechanical dispersion, transesterification was carried out to produce waste cooking oil biodiesel and by applying GC-MS and FTIR the biodiesel was characterized.For BG2, BG4 and BG8 the viscosity was reduced by 5%, 11% and 21% respectively.Addition of gasoline with WCO, enlarges the Cylinder pressure and HRR.Reduction in emission was observed, CO by 25%, UHC by 30%, NOx by 20% and smoke opacity by 30% compared to pure waste cooking oil biodiesel.It was observed that by blending biodiesel with gasoline in small dose, improves the physical [4].With biodiesel fuel there was slight improvement in the operation of the engine.It was also observed that when using biodiesel combustion was in the mixing phase.Use of potassium hydroxide as catalyst in equivalent to sodium hydroxide, yield was more by 45% which resulted in lower viscosity by 10% and calorific value by 5%.Result from mapping showed that thermal efficiency was lower than diesel.Engine when fueled with diesel, fuel consumption was low of about 250-300 g/kWh at mean effective pressure value and higher power but for biodiesel the fuel consumption was 350 g/kWh at low engine speed, mean cylinder pressure and power.Biodiesel has higher cetane number so it burns earlier than diesel [5].Mohammed S. Edam.2019.Researched on the use of caster methyl ester with diesel in different proportions and examined the performance, combustion characteristics and emission of a single cylinder engine.Diesel-rk simulation program was used to study numerically about the biodiesel.With increasing percentage of CME, near the top dead center peak pressure was closer.With increased blending the, brake specific fuel consumption also increased.NOx emission was higher for all the biodiesel blends of CME and diesel.Smoke level also decreased with increasing the biodiesel blend ratio.For B10, B20, B30, B50, B70 and B100, smoke level were reduction were, 15.25%, 35.3%, 40.7%, 45.71%, 49.43% and 52.73% respectively.The best blend was B20, have reduced CO emission and slight variation in performance in comparison to conventional diesel [6].R. Selvaraj et al. 2019.Produced waste cooking oil biodiesel by transesterification with methanol.To increase the fatty acid methyl esters production, waste cooking oil was pre-treated and catalyst potassium methoxide 1% was used.Activated charcoal 2% was used to adsorb the free fatty acid.RSM method was used to optimize the process variables and Fame yield was predicted by ANN.Under the optimum condition the maximum conversion was 95%, time 60s, alcohol to oil ratio 6:1.Concentration of catalyst 1% and 75 o C temperature.ANN predicted 0.99 and RSM 0.98 yield of biodiesel.Proton nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy, carbon nuclear magnetic resonance and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was use to examine FAME.Different blend ratio of B10, B20 and B100 on volume basis was used for testing in a diesel engine at constant speed.Diesel-rk simulation software was used to verify the experimental data and was found that both the data agree with each other.It was observed that with increasing the ration of methyl ester of waste cooking oil, maximum pressure reduced due to reduction in heating value of the fuel.NOx emission was also reduced with the use of methyl ester waste cooking oil.B20 was best ratio in terms of performance of the engine [9].Researched on the use of waste cooking oil as biodiesel, it would reduce the burden on sewage treatment plants and would be economically cheaper also.It was observed that after the oil was being used for frying, transesterification reaction was affected because of free fatty acids and polymerized triglycerides, this also affected the biodiesel properties.It was observed that with increasing biodiesel blend, ignition delay decreased.Peak pressure was higher for used cooking oil.As UCO blend increased the exhaust temperature also increased.
Figure 5: Crank angle V/S pressure diagram of 3 test fuels [11].At higher loads, it was observed that there was slight increase in NOx, this was because of the higher content of oxygen in the biodiesel fuel and the advanced injection process.Particulate matter and smoke, sharply reduced with UCO blend.The reduction in smoke and particulate matter was because of the oxygen content in the fuel which reduces the soot formation and increases soot oxidation.BSC and BSFC increased with increasing blend ratio.It was concluded that biodiesel form cooking oil is economically cheap and has good engine performance [11].C.S. Cheung et al. 2015.Investigated on a 4 cylinder direct-ignition diesel engine which was fueled with puree diesel, pure biodiesel and biodiesel blends (B20 and B30).Five different engine loads were used to conduct the experiment, corresponding to brake mean effective pressures of 0.1650.33,0.496, 0.661 and 0.753MPa at 1800rpm constantly.Hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide and PM concentration was reduced by the use of biodiesel but with increasing biodiesel NOx emission increases.Diluted exhaust were collected the particulate samples and thermogravimetric was used to analyse by scanning calorimetry (TGA/DSC).Decrease in ignition temperature of the soot was because of the decrease in engine load and volatile mass fraction of the particulate increase, by increasing the biodiesel load [12].AlirezaShirneshana.2013.Experimented on the use of alternative fuel (biodiesel) in a 4 cylinder direct injection diesel engine at different engine load, speed of 1800 rev/min with different.Four different fuel blends (B20, B40, B60 and B80) were used for the test in an engine.The biodiesel was prepared from waste fry oil.Emission was lower (HC and CO) & NOx, CO2 increased when used biodiesel at higher load.Contrary the CO and HC were higher at lower load.Study showed that biodiesel compared to diesel showed lower exhaust emission.Combustion improves with addition of biodiesel as it increases the oxygen level of the fuel [13].

P. Mohamed Shameer et al. 2017.
Investigated on the combustion, emission and performance characteristics of a diesel which was fueled by waste cooking oil biodiesel, animal fat biodiesel and camphor oil.All the alternate fuel were mixed in the ratio of This research paper aims at investigating the performance, emission and combustion characters of diesel engine with 20% volume concentrations of animal fat based biodiesel (AFO20), waste cooking oil biodiesel (WCO20), camphor oil (CMO20) and also including pure diesel fuel (D100).The peak cylinder pressure and heat release rate of biodiesel was about 4.82% higher and 13.49% lower than those of diesel fuel on average respectively.Start of combustion of alternate blends happened at earlier crank angles compared to base fuel.Combustion duration of all alternate fuel blends is higher than those of diesel at all load conditions.While fuelling CMO20, AFO20 and WCO20, the NOx concentration in the emission shows 7.52%, 10.352% and 16.405% increment respectively with the biodiesel addition to diesel.However, significant reduction in NOx of about 43.8% was observed for camphor oil -diesel blend when compared to other biodiesel blends.The correlation between NOx emission level and in-cylinder temperature was premeditated by a novel procedure using thermal imager.The result shows that the increase in incylinder temperature contributed to the augmentation in NOx concentration.The main aim of this paper is to present the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of fuel blends obtained from camphor oil and bio-waste resources like animal fat residue oil and waste cooking oil.Also a novel procedure of usage of thermal imager to validate the impact of in-cylinder temperature on NOx formation in the compression ignition direct injection diesel engines fuelled with various blends has been insisted.Performance analysis resulted in lower BSFC of CMO20 among the other biodiesel blends.BTE scale for all biodiesel blends shows declining trend than those of diesel.AFO20, WCO20, CMO20 recorded 14.63%, 23.8% and 7.953% lower BTE when compared to diesel.On the whole camphor oil blend displays better performance than other blends, due to its lower viscous property.Combustion analysis depicted that all alternate fuel blends exhibit the start of combustion at earlier crank angles.Ignition delay period decreases with increase in load for all blends.Camphor oil blends resulted in 3.61% lower PCP, 19.32% lower HRR and 22.22% lower ID than those of diesel fuel at full load condition.Combustion duration of all fuel blends is higher than the duration period of diesel, among which camphor oil presents the lowest CD due to its better atomization attributed to its lower viscosity.According to the emission results, NOx increased with increasing biodiesel concentration in all fuel blends.Camphor oil shows the lowest NOx values among the alternate fuels; meanwhile biodiesel obtained from waste cooking oil contributed higher NOx emission due to its higher oxygen content.On an average, NOx concentration for AFO20, WCO20 and CMO20 are 12.08%, 18.24% and 7.52% higher than those of diesel fuel respectively.On an average, the cylinder head temperature (CHT) for AFO20,WCO20 and CMO20 are 3.75%, 7.16% and 1.08% higher than those of diesel fuel respectively.Thus the increment in CHT communicates with higher NOx.Hence it could be concluded that Camphor oil blend shows more positive results in all performance, combustion and emission aspects than the other biodiesels derived from animal fat residue oil and waste cooking oil.Camphor oil blend at 20% volume concentration is appropriate for diesel engine without any engine modification.A novel procedure of emission investigation has been proposed by incorporating NOx emission concentration with cylinder head temperature measured by thermal imager.Future scope of this work is calibration and optimization of cylinder head temperatures from thermal imager for measuring NOx emission variation of different biodiesel [14].Shou-Heng Liu et al. 2012.Used waste cooking oil because of its economic cost and easy availability.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emission was analyzed on a heavy duty diesel engine with catalyzer which was fueled with waste cooking oil biodiesel and blends of biodiesel and ultra-low sulfur diesel.From the experiment it was observed that ULSD/WCOB blend showed lower CO, PM and HC but NOx & CO emission was higher, compared to conventional diesel.PAHs was decreased by 14.1% -53.3%, 6.76% -23.5% HC, 6.80% -15.1% PM and 0.962% -8.65% CO but NOx and CO2 increased by 0.384-1.15%and 0.318-1.43%respectively [15].Sehmus ALTUN.2011.Analysed the exhaust and performance emission of two biodiesel (animal tallow and waste cooking oil) in a direct injection diesel engine.The inedible animal tallow was trans-esterified by alkaline catalyst and methyl alcohol to get inedible animal tallow methyl ester.Waste cooking oil was biodiesel was produced by trans-esterification by methyl alcohol.Different engine speed and full load conditions was used to investigate the exhaust emission and performance.It was observed that BSFC increased and brake torque reduced.NOx emission was higher for waste cooking oil and lower for inedible animal tallow.Where as in case of CO, emission from both the fuels were less [16].The blend of waste cooking oil biodiesel and conventional diesel was in the ratio of 6-30% v/v. in the experiment it was observed that PM emission was low and NOx emission was higher.PM/NO2 ratio was the focus in presence of diesel oxidation catalyst.NOx/NO2 was unaffected by the raw exhaust & NO-NO2 light-off temperature shows slight reduction by the used of biodiesel.Diesel Particulate Filter ensured more favorable conditions.It was also observed that the higher value of BSFC was because of the lower heating values of biodiesel.B30 blend had higher BSFC and more NOx.PM was reduced because of higher oxygen content [17].ArashMohebbi et al. 2102.Researched on use of waste cooking oil biodiesel and its blend in tractor diesel engine and investigated on heat release rate, engine torque and power, cylinder pressure, brake specific fuel consumption, oxides of nitrogen, brake thermal efficiency and particulate matter emission.It was noticed that advanced the injection and the combustion process, heat release rate was increased and ignition delay was shorter.Reduction in PM and increase in NOx was observed because of higher temp and cylinder peak pressure.Engine power and engine torque was reduced with increasing blend ratio.BSFC was increased because of increasing the heating values of WCO but no change in brake thermal efficiency.To reduce NOx, effective was is to use EGR (exhaust gas recirculation).With EGR, PM values reduces significantly.EGR helps in reducing the NOx and PM of the WCO biodiesel and has lower negative effect in engine performance [18].

CAD MODEL
A 2D model of the combustion cylinder was made in Ansys 16.The dimension of the cad model was same as the CI engine specification.The diameter of the cylinder was 89.90mm whereas the length of the cylinder was 110mm.Table 1: Properties of produced biodiesels

Result & Discussion
The analysis was solved by Ansys Fluent module.Two different types of fuel were considered for the analysis, Conventional Diesel and waste cooking oil biodiesel.The combustion condition for both the fuel were kept same so that we could compare the difference in the NOx emission because of the fuel.

Conclusion
To improve the fuel economy and the emission, a lot of research have been carried out on internal combustion engine.Alternative fuels have also been introduced and using alternative fuels, continues to be a challenge.Biodiesel being a part of the alternative fuel, obtained from animal fat and vegetable oil, good alternative to conventional diesel.Popularity of biodiesel all of the world have recently increased because of its renewability, biodegradability, non-toxic, easy availability and better emission.Biodiesel costs, 75-90% of the raw biodiesel.Because of the increasing cost of production of the biodiesel, use of waste cooking oil in the production of biodiesel would help in reducing the cost and would be a sustainable solution.It is sad that the waste cooking oil is discarded in the drain.Disposal of the waste cooking oil can lead to blockage, smell and environmental pollution.Therefore use of waste cooking oil as biodiesel would help in reducing the waste in the environment.In the paper waste cooking oil was simulated in the same conditions as the conventional diesel and was found that waste cooking oil biodiesel produces more NOx emission than diesel.Which was because of the higher concentration of oxygen in the biodiesel.The results matched with the literature review.

Figure 1 :
Figure 1: NOx emission at different engine load [4] JehadYamin et al 2019.Researched on the engine performance and mapping.He used diesel and used cooking oil biodiesel fuel.For the test 1500cc CI engine testbed was used and performance parameter were measured.Load varied from no load to full load, speed of crankshaft was 35 & 60rps and constant temperature of the coolant at 70 o C. With the help of the test results the simulation model was adjusted.With biodiesel fuel there was slight improvement in the operation of the engine.It was also observed that when using biodiesel combustion was in the mixing phase.Use of potassium hydroxide as catalyst in equivalent to sodium hydroxide, yield was more by 45% which resulted in lower viscosity by 10% and calorific value by 5%.Result from mapping showed that thermal efficiency was lower than diesel.Engine when fueled with diesel, fuel consumption was low of about 250-300 g/kWh at mean effective pressure value and higher power but for biodiesel the fuel consumption was 350 g/kWh at low engine speed, mean cylinder pressure and power.Biodiesel has higher cetane number so it burns earlier than diesel[5].Mohammed S. Edam.2019.Researched on the use of caster methyl ester with diesel in different proportions and examined the performance, combustion characteristics and emission of a single cylinder engine.Diesel-rk simulation program was used to study numerically about the biodiesel.With increasing percentage of CME, near the top dead center peak pressure was closer.With increased blending the, brake specific fuel consumption also increased.NOx emission was higher for all the biodiesel blends of CME and diesel.Smoke level also decreased with increasing the biodiesel blend ratio.For B10, B20, B30, B50, B70 and B100, smoke level were reduction were, 15.25%, 35.3%, 40.7%, 45.71%, 49.43% and 52.73% respectively.The best blend was B20, have reduced CO emission and slight variation in performance in comparison to conventional diesel[6].R. Selvaraj et al. 2019.Produced waste cooking oil biodiesel by transesterification with methanol.To increase the fatty acid methyl esters production, waste cooking oil was pre-treated and catalyst potassium methoxide 1% was used.Activated charcoal 2% was used to adsorb the free fatty acid.RSM method was used to optimize the process variables and Fame yield was predicted by ANN.Under the optimum condition the maximum conversion was 95%, time 60s, alcohol to oil ratio 6:1.Concentration of catalyst 1% and 75 o C temperature.ANN predicted 0.99 and RSM 0.98 yield of biodiesel.Proton nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy, carbon nuclear magnetic resonance and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was use to examine FAME.

Figure 2 :
Figure 2: Response surface plots showing the effects on yield of FAME (%) (X1: Catalyst (wt %), X2: Alcohol: Oil ratio (v/v), X3: Time (s) and X4: Temperature (°C)) [7].13CNMR for FAME from WCO, agreed to the presence of methyl esters in biodieselat 174.2 ppm and 51.4ppm.[7].Majid Mohadesi et al. produced biodiesel by transesterification of waste cooking oil with KOH as catalyst.Biodiesel was produced by micro-reactor of 5L/h, having 50 tube of 0.8mm diameter.Use of methanol reduced the acidity of oil, less than 1mgKOH/g in the presence of 1% sulphuric acid and at 60 o C. Catalyst weight, methanol to oil molar ratio and reaction time were studies by using Box-Behnken design.Highest content of biodiesel was 98.26% with 120s residence time [8].Mohamed F. Al-Dawody et al. investigated on the use of methyl ester of Waste cooking oil collected from different restaurants.Different blend ratio of B10, B20 and B100 on volume basis was used for testing in a diesel engine at constant speed.Diesel-rk simulation software was used to verify the experimental data and was found that both the data agree with each other.It was observed that with increasing the ration of methyl ester of waste cooking oil, maximum pressure reduced due to reduction in heating value of the fuel.NOx emission was also reduced with the use of methyl ester waste cooking oil.B20 was best ratio in terms of performance of the engine[9].

Figure 6 :
Figure 6: Biodiesel effect on (a) PMC, (b) particulate size-number distribution, (c) GMD and (d) TNC [12]AlirezaShirneshana. 2013.Experimented on the use of alternative fuel (biodiesel) in a 4 cylinder direct injection diesel engine at different engine load, speed of 1800 rev/min with different.Four different fuel blends (B20, B40, B60 and B80) were used for the test in an engine.The biodiesel was prepared from waste fry oil.Emission was lower (HC and CO) & NOx, CO2 increased when used biodiesel at higher load.Contrary the CO and HC were higher at lower load.Study showed that biodiesel compared to diesel showed lower exhaust emission.Combustion improves with addition of biodiesel as it increases the oxygen level of the fuel[13].

Figure 8 :
Figure 8: change in CO and NOx emission with speed [16] Stefano Cordiner et al. 2014.Investigated on the use of waste cooking oil biodiesel for a non-road application.The blend of waste cooking oil biodiesel and conventional diesel was in the ratio of 6-30% v/v. in the experiment it was observed that PM emission was low and NOx emission was higher.PM/NO2 ratio was the focus in presence of diesel oxidation catalyst.NOx/NO2 was unaffected by the raw exhaust & NO-NO2 light-off temperature shows slight reduction by the used of biodiesel.Diesel Particulate Filter ensured more favorable conditions.It was also observed that the higher value of BSFC was because of the lower heating values of biodiesel.B30 blend had higher BSFC and more NOx.PM was reduced because of higher oxygen content[17].ArashMohebbi et al. 2102.Researched on use of waste cooking oil biodiesel and its blend in tractor diesel engine and investigated on heat release rate, engine torque and power, cylinder pressure, brake specific fuel consumption, oxides of nitrogen, brake thermal efficiency and particulate matter emission.It was noticed that advanced the injection and the combustion process, heat release rate was increased and ignition delay was shorter.Reduction in PM and increase in NOx was observed because of higher temp and cylinder peak pressure.Engine power and engine torque was reduced with increasing blend ratio.BSFC was increased because of increasing the heating values of WCO but no change in brake thermal efficiency.To reduce NOx, effective was is to use EGR (exhaust gas recirculation).With EGR, PM values reduces significantly.EGR helps in reducing the NOx and PM of the WCO biodiesel and has lower negative effect in engine performance[18].

Figure 9 :
Figure 9: CAD design for analysis

Figure 10 :
Figure 10: Meshed file Analysis was carried out in Fluent module of Ansys 16.Species transport model was used with eddy-dissipation.The fuel used of analysis was Diesel and waste cooking oil biodiesel.The properties of the biodiesel have been listed in the table below.Table1: Properties of produced biodiesels