“Effectiveness Of Cfg Pile-Slab Shape On Smooth Soil For Supporting Excessive-Pace Railway Embankment”

Reducing the settlements of smooth foundation efficiently is a crucial problem of excessive-pace railway creation in China. The new CFG pile-slab structure composite foundation is a floor remedy method that is carried out on CFG pile basis and pile-slab structure composite basis. Based on the revel in of constructing Beijing-Shanghai excessive-pace railway in China, the settlement-controlling effect, the settlement distribution legal guidelines and 3 key influence elements for structural shape of latest CFG pile-slab structural foundation are studied by the use of physical model exams and numerical simulations. The research results on this look at imply that the piles and soil bearing capacities of the new CFG pile-slab shape can be positioned into complete play due to the “load dispensing” function of slabs. The settlement decreasing effect of the new CFG pile-slab shape is first rate and can meet the requirements of high-pace railway creation. The affected location of engineering load has a depth over 18.Seventy five m and horizontal period of 7.Five m nearing the embankment slope toe. The parametric observe presents the optimalizing structural form for high-quality agreement-controlling effect. The bodily version test results display precise concordance with the numerical simulation effects. The mixture of bodily version assessments and numerical simulations justifies the usage of this version in geotechnical engineering practices. Keywords-. Soft Soils, CFG (Cement Fly Ash Gravel) Pile, Expansive soil; Lateral loading..


Introduction
With the speedy growing visitors needs, increasingly more high-pace railways are being constructed in China. The allowable maximum agreement of Chinese high-pace railway is the most crucial key production controlling thing in railway embankment creation. [1]. When constructing high-speed railway in coastal tender soil foundation, not unusual basis remedy era can't meet the settlement controlling requirement of high-pace railway. Therefore, the floor development techniques together with composite basis are often followed and studied in latest years [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Jiang et al. [11] provided a numerical analysis to analyze the pile-slab supported embankment, and the end result shows the share of theload carried by the soil is small. Thus, it cansignificantly reduce the settlement and the stress transfer from the soil to the piles. Messioud et al. [12]presented a comparison between rigid piles and pilefoundations. It has concluded the influence of themattress stiffness, the geometrical configuration, andhead/tip fixity conditions on the dynamic response ofthe foundation system. Han and Bhandari [13] studiedthe stresses and deformations of geogrid-reinforcedembankments over piles. This study found thesettlements of geogrid-reinforced embankments overgeosynthetic piles are 20-30% smaller than pile supported embankments. Okyay et al. [4] presented anumerical analysis to analyze the impedance functionsof slab foundations with rigid piles. The study hasformulated the stress change laws for rigid piles. Chenet al. [14] discussed the influences of pilingarrangement of the CFG pile composite foundation. Theresults show that the pile-soil stress ratio and the loadsharingratio can be adjusted through setting up cushionthickness. Shen et al. [9] set up a three-dimensionalsimulation model of CFG pile foundation to investigatethe influence of different cushion thicknesses on thedeformation of CFG pile foundation. Moayed et al. [10]studied the minimum settlement which has testedvarious pile arrangements under different vertical stresslevels. The results show that the arrangements of shortand long piles become more effective when verticalstress on the raft increases.

Literature review
A comprehensive search was conducted to review theexisting literature on pile structures and pileslabstructure-supported embankments. The literature reviewincludes two parts. Detailed discussions on the two partsare presented below.

Pile structure-supported embankments
In the past few years, pile structure-supported embankments have been increasingly researched and adopted.

Pile-slab structure-supported embankments
Pile-slab structures are mainly composed of concrete piles, cushions and a concrete slab. The slab is meant to distribute the relative horizontal loads between the soil and the piles. These structures can significantly reduce the settlements of soft foundations under high-speed railway embankments. Thus, they have been increasingly researched and adopted in recent years. Okyay et al., (2012) presented a numerical analysis to analyse the impedance functions of slab foundations with rigid piles. They founded stress-change laws for rigid piles. Yan Jiang et al. (2014) conducted a parametric study of a wellmonitored pile-slab-supported embankment for a high-speed railway to investigate the settlement, the load distribution between the soil and the piles, the structural design parameters, and the excess pore pressure. Messioud et al. (2016aMessioud et al. ( , 2016b) presented a comparison between rigid piles and pile foundations.
They concluded that the mattress stiffness, the geometrical configuration, and the head/tip fixity conditions all had an important influence on the dynamic response of the foundation system. Han and Bhandari (2012) used the discrete element method to numerically simulate the stress and deformation of geogrid-reinforced embankments over piles. They found that the settlements of geogridreinforced embankments over piles were 20-30% smaller than conventional pile-supported embankments. Messioud et al. (2016a, 2016b) presented a 3D finiteelement model for the dynamic analysis of a soil-pile slab for identifying the influence of mattress stiffness and the pile-soil contact conditions on the dynamic response of the foundation system. Kim (2009) utilized SLOPILE software to design a piled bridge abutment reinforced by a piled slab at a real site. It was concluded that the piled slab could effectively prevent the lateral flow of the soft ground due to the placement of backfill and could satisfy not only the safety factor of a slope, but also the allowable bearing capacity of the piles. According to the above reviews, it can be summarizedthat the studies on pile-slab structure-supported "Effectiveness Of Cfg Pile-Slab Shape On Smooth Soil For Supporting Excessive-Pace Railway Embankment" embankmentswere mainly focused on the structure patterns, themechanical characteristics, and the settlement distributions. However, there are no corresponding clear guidelinesfor pile-slab structures for high-speed railways. Theoreticalresearch is seriously lagging behind engineering practice.The bearing capacities of concrete piles cannot be fullymobilized up to the failure of pile-slab structures. In orderto improve pile-slab structures, limited engineering practiceand studies have been conducted on CFG pile-slabstructure-supported embankments. However, the mechanismsinvolving soil-pile-slab interactions are not clearfor high-speed railways. The settlement-controlling effect,the settlement distribution, and the optimized structuralform of CFG pile-slab structures should be investigatedthoroughly with respect to their application to high-speedrailways.

Research object
A map of the Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway isshown in Fig. 3 (Baike, 2013). The part of this railway fromSuzhou to Kunshan was selected for application of the proposedCFG pile-slab structure. This part of the railway wasconstructed on a large area of soft soil foundation, whichhas a low bearing capacity and is also prone to largesettlements. Fig. 1(a) and (b) shows the floor plan view and the crosssectionalview of this area, respectively, for use of the CFGpile-slab structure. The railway embankment is 6. The main mechanism of the CFG pile-slab structure isthe transfer of vehicle loads from the slab to the pilesthrough a layer of sand cushion. The piles further help tospread the load to the soil between the piles and the softfoundation. The interaction among the pile groups, theslab, and the soil forms a system, which can help to reducethe ettlements of the embankment. The strengtheningmechanism of the CFG pile-slab structuresupportedembankment can be summarized in the form of pile effects(replacement, compaction, and reinforcement) as well asslab effects (adjusting and homogenizing the upper loads).
With the increase in vehicle loads, more loads get transferredfrom the soil to the piles. While more loads transferto the piles, smaller loads will be assigned to the soil. Forthe friction pile group, the sinking of the bearing slab couldcause the soil to sink. This will then bring about the furthertransfer of loads from the bearing slab to the piles. The pilesettlements will increase due to the increased load, whichwill further cause compressive force between the soil andthe piles. Pile penetration, deformation, and compressionof the soil between the piles are subjected to this cyclicprocess.
In real practice, CFG piles are installed at a depth of15 m (i.e., deeper than soft soil layers). The other soil layersare extended to a depth of nearly 90 m. In the loading system,based on the scaling laws, the size of the simulatedstructure is 10 times smaller than the real structure. Inorder to decrease the boundary effect of the studied area,the size of the area is kept much larger than the loadingarea. Therefore, the length, width, and height are set at3.25 m, 1.25 m, and 2.5 m, respectively. These are fourtimes larger than the loading area. The front and back sidesof the box are embedded with tempered glass, 12 mm inthickness, and a smooth iron plate, 8 mm in thickness This dynamic loading system is composed of a reactionbeam, a vertical reaction frame, a hydraulic jack, a forcegauge, and a loading plate. The loading system helps totransfer the external loads to the top of the physical model.
The loads on the slab are composed of embankment weight and vehicle forces, which are considered to be uniformlydistributed loads. The hydraulic jack exerts the simulatedloads on the model through the loading plate. The valueof the simulated loads varies between zero and the maximumtest load. According to the scaling laws, these simulatedloads are about two orders in magnitude smallerthan the actual design loads of high-speed railways. Therefore,the loading system can simulate the varying stressexerted due to high-speed trains on the embankment foundation.
It can be observed from that the maximumsettlements of the single CFG pile and the concretepile are 6.2 mm and 5.2 mm, respectively. This correspondsto the case when the external load per unit is 350 kPa. Thetwo types of piles are still in the elastic deformation stage.It can be concluded that the bearing capacities of the singleCFG pile and the single reinforced concrete pile are bothsufficient to resist the maximum load per unit area byhighspeed trains. Under the same external loads, the settlementsof CFG piles are larger than those of concretepiles because of the smaller deformation modulus. Thebearing capacities of both piles are more than the maximumexternal pressure exerted by high-speed trains. However,after unloading, the resilience rate of both pilesdecreases. This is because of the compression of the cushionand the pile-bearing layer under external pressure.
A comparative analysis among the settlement of the naturalfoundation, the CFG pile composite foundation, andthe CFG pile-slab structure-reinforced foundation It can be observed that the maximum settlementof the natural foundation is much larger than that of eitherthe CFG composite foundation or the CFG pile-slab structure.It can be noticed that when the external load per unitis 300 kPa, the CFG pile-slab structure is able to reduce thesettlement of the natural foundation from 93.8 mm to34.7 mm. Under this load, the settlement of the CFG compositefoundation is 52.6 mm and when the stress is smaller than 175 kPa, the settlement ofthe CFG composite foundation is nearly the same as thatof the CFG pile-slab structure. This is because of the distributioneffect of the slab that causes the pile-soil stress ratioof the CFG composite foundation to be larger than that ofthe CFG pile-slab structure.Under this, more external loadis distributed on the piles. It can be concluded that thesettlement-controlling effect of the CFG pile-slab structureon a soft soil foundation is remarkable.