Leveraging Enterprise Architecture for Digital Transformation Adaptation Challenges in Higher Education Institutions

: The rapid proliferation and emergence of mobile, digital technologies, smartphone devices, big data, cloud computing and Internet of Things (IoT) have given rise to a new era of Digital Transformation (DT). DT is shifting not only technological advancements but also involves changes to business processes, organization structure, business models, managerial and culture. Higher Education Institution (HEI) are undergoing some forms of DT and is affected by these changes. Technology is changing the way many HEIs operate and to ensure survival, HEI needs to adapt to DT changes. However, HEIs are facing difficulties in adapting to DT. The main objective of this paper is to identify DT adaptation challenges in HEI based on literature review. Result from the literature review lists the HEI DT adaptation challenges and Enterprise Architecture (EA) is identified as a facilitator and enabler to support DT initiatives.


Introduction
Digital Transformation (DT) has become a new phenomenon with the rise of new digital technologies such as Internet of Things (IoT), big data, cloud computing, mobile systems and collaboration networks (Zimmermann, Schmidt, Bogner, Jugel, & Möhring, 2018). DT is defined as the use of new digital technologies that enables major business improvements and influences all aspects of customers' life (Reis, Amorim, Melão, & Matos, 2018). Apart from technology, DT involves changing of three key areas of an organization: customer experience, operational processes and business models (Nahrkhalaji, Shafiee, Shafiee, & Hvam, 2018).
The DT is rapidly transforming organizations across industries such as healthcare, finance, logistics, education, manufacturing, retail, transportation, government agencies and agriculture ( It is necessary to develop DT in this digital era and the ability to understand and adapt to our education system (Balyer & Öz, 2018). Digital technologies are changing HEIs and transcends across teaching and learning and higher education pedagogy. Rapid technology development is transforming HEI by using technologies in the teaching process (Limani, Hajrizi, Stapleton, & Retkoceri, 2019).
Compared to other industries, education such as HEI in particular is left behind in the DT. Education is one of the latest industries that started to make changes because it is traditionally loyal to old methods and practices (Limani et al., 2019). HEIs trail behind other industries such as manufacturing, retail, financial services, and healthcare in DT journey with only 54% of HEIs having a full and progressing DT strategy compared to at least 64% or more in other aforementioned industries in Asia. The study by Microsoft also demonstrated HEIs with established DT strategy will yield conclusive benefits in student engagement and empowered faculty (Microsoft, 2018). Limani et al (2019) suggested that researchers should provide HEIs with enabling tools and methodologies for DT adaptation. In order to deal with DT uncertainties, HEI should develop on adaptation competencies in institutional digitization (Educause, 2018 Based on systematic review done by Gebayew et al. (2018), most of the researchers applied EA to assist DT in order to examine and reestablish the value mechanisms of the organization effectively and efficiently. EA approach should enable support digitization of products and services and easily adaptable to assist DT with new business models and technologies (Bogner & Zimmermann, 2016). The main aim of this paper is to identify the DT adaptation challenges in HEI based on literature review. Moreover, literatures on EA as solution for DT in HEI is also reviewed.

Methodology
In this paper, we examine and evaluate the literatures based on the following research questions: i) what are the DT adaptation challenges in HEI and ii) how EA facilitates DT in HEI? To answer these research questions, recent related published articles were searched from Scopus, Web of Science, IEEEXplore, Google Scholar and Emerald databases. Several keywords and their combinations have been used to examine the articles to get the relevant set of possible articles for this study. Keywords such as "digital transformation OR digitization", "adaptation OR adaptive", "higher education OR university" and "enterprise architecture OR EA" were used. A thorough analysis and synthesizing of materials from journals, proceedings, book chapters, and web articles were done to gather facts. In addition, there are several supporting literatures of DT adaptation challenges and EA as enabler to support DT initiatives were also taken into consideration and cited as references.

Findings and Discussion
At the organizational level, the major pressure on DT is the need to constantly adapt to meet the demands of changing environments (Brown, Fishenden, & Thompson, 2014). DT places users at the heart of the corporate strategy. They expect companies to be able to adapt and customize to the changing needs. In order to face these expectations, organizations need to adapt and change their products and services according to user needs (Henriette, Feki, & Boughzala, 2016). The increasing dynamics of technology impose significant challenges for enterprises since there is a constant need to adapt to changes due to DT (Gampfer, 2018). In order to remain successful, organizations have to adapt more quickly to the changing conditions of DT (Bughin & Zeebroeck, 2017).

Classification of Digital Transformation Adaptation Challenges in HEI
In order to identify and distinguish the DT adaptation challenges in HEI, a classification of adaptation challenges review was done and extracted based on the literature review. Table 1 shows the list of challenges in adapting to DT in HEI. It can been seen from Table 1 there are six main DT adaptation challenges identified from the LR which are adapting to new learning environment and learning models, adapting to organizational structure and business process changes, financial constraints, digital initiatives and technology barriers , lack of digital strategic vision, and stakeholder digital literacy and expectations.
It is apparent from Table 1 that adapting to new learning environment and models and stakeholder digital literacy and expectations are the main challenges that HEIs faced in adapting to DT. New learning environment and models such as implementation of e-learning platforms, collaborative learning, game-based learning, personalized and adaptive learning needs to be adapted in higher education. HE systems is forced to adapt to global changes which requires new education model and environment in teaching and learning (Trifonov & Shorokhova, 2019). The new generation of students' expectations are sophisticated as they are used to digital technologies. Therefore, lecturers need to be more creative and innovative in their digital teaching skills.  Changes to HEIs organizational structure and business processes such as the creation of new organizational units for online education program and formalization of online exams is a challenge. Modification to organizational structures are necessary to exploit new technologies and able to point the way to new directions for DT in HEIs. HEIs should begin to transform pertaining to internal processes related to education process such as student admission and registration, and conducting education programmes to digitalization implementation in HEIs (Sandkuhl & Lehmann, 2017).
Another challenge faced by HEIs is related to financial capability to accommodate DT. HEIs need reliable infrastructure and technology to sustain learning. Emerging technologies are often expensive which may hinder the transformation (Rodrigues, 2017). Based on these findings, the list of challenges will be harmonized and validated by conducting interviews with the experts in the future.
In retrospect, HEIs need to adapt to DT changes to work faster, easier, more efficient and effective (Furjan, Strahonja, & Tomičić, 2018). Technology makes the business of education more complicated and competitive. In order for HEIs to survive, is to be more adaptive, responding quickly to changing expectations. Technologies will keep on evolving and disrupts higher education. Fundamentally, HEI should be more adaptive or be left behind (Lane, Lemoine, Tinney, & Richardson, 2014).

Enterprise Architecture as Enabler to Facilitate Digital Transformation in HEI
Several researchers highlighted adapting Enterprise Architecture (EA) as a problem-solving tool and enabler for organizational change in supporting DT initiatives (Hafsi & Assar, 2016;Ylinen & Pekkola, 2019). The implementation of EA supports the holistic development and management of technologies, information systems, processes, and data. EA is often used to increase efficiency and interoperability within organization. EA is perceived as the practice for planning and designing architecture as well as the glue between business and IT to minimize cost of IT, facilitate business operations effectively and efficiently (Gebayew et al., 2018).
Sandkuhl & Lehmann (2017) also claimed that EA forms an excellent support for planning DT in HEI because EA oversees the entire architecture more strategically. EA approach should support digitization of products and services and easily adaptable to support DT with new business models and technologies (Bogner & Zimmermann, 2016). Other than EA able to bridge the gaps and aligning business and IT, EA serves as a guideline in planning DT strategically for HEI (Gat, Kosasi, & Sulsatri, 2019).
EA is suitable for HEI as it provides a holistic view and planning frame for business and technological changes (Gama et al., 2018). EA constitute a conceptual tool that helps HEI to understand its own structure and benefits the integrations of IT systems with educational processes in terms of increase agility of HEIs, better decision making and decreased IT related risks (Benavides et al., 2020). EA can be leverage to structure and manage digital complexity and adapt to DT (Gampfer, 2018).

Conclusion
DT affects organizations in terms of business models, operational process, organizational structure, culture and managerial. Previous researchers often discuss on DT challenges for HEIs only in the perspective of teaching and learning. This paper, however, looks into a more holistic point of view of HEIs in adapting to DT and facing its challenges. Based on this review, it can conclude that in adapting to DT, the challenges that HEIs facing are adapting to new learning environment and models, stakeholder digital literacy and expectations, lack of digital strategic vision, changes to organizational structure and business processes, digital initiatives and technology barriers, and financial constraints. This paper also proposes, in order to overcome DT adaptation challenges in HEI is by considering EA to facilitate DT initiatives. Hence, EA can be leveraged to support HEI in adapting to DT.